encountered Nazi concentration camps and liberated thousands of prisoners. In the camps, combat-hardened

soldiers witnessed first-hand the brutality and inhumanity of the Nazi regime and its

so-called policies of “racial superiority.” They found piles of unburied corpses and barracks

filled with dead and dying prisoners. The small percentage of inmates who survived often

required immediate assistance after months and years of maltreatment, starvation, and

forced labor at the hands of the Nazis and their collaborators. U.S. Army General Dwight

D. Eisenhower made a deliberate visit to the Ohrdruf concentration camp in order to witness

personally the evidence of Nazi atrocities. He urged others to see the camps directly,

lest “the stories of Nazi brutality” be forgotten or dismissed as “merely propaganda.”

The weeks and months following liberation did not bring an immediate return to normal

life. Survivors struggled to restore their health, regain their dignity, and rebuild

lives disrupted and destroyed during the Holocaust. Sixty-five years after the end of World War

II, we honor and remember the victims of the Holocaust and the military personnel who liberated

and cared for the survivors.

I ran in that direction and as I came onto that place I noticed many prisoners yelling

and screaming and jumping and dancing. And there, standing among them were seven giants,

young people. They must have been 18 or 19... American soldiers. There were seven or eight

of them standing inside the camp. Apparently they cut the wire and came into the camp.

They were bewildered by us, wild and unkempt and dirty and, I’m sure, smelly people,

jumping and dancing and trying to embrace them and kiss them. And I did too. I also

joined the crowd and yelled and screamed and somehow knew that the day of liberation has

come. It was a strange feeling for me, however, because as I remember it, on the one hand,

I was, I was overwhelmed by this unexpected and unhoped for encounter of freedom, but

at the same time, what was happening was outside of me. I really... I didn’t know what to

make of it. I knew I was free, but I didn’t count on it. I somehow didn’t know what

it meant. And I knew it was great, but I… I was overjoyed because all people around

me were overjoyed and were singing and dancing and, and...But I was 17. I was free, but what

it meant I wasn’t sure.

From there we go into the barracks. They were long, almost like a poultry building that

we might see down in Missouri, perhaps a hundred feet long and maybe twenty-five feet wide.

But as we went into this first barracks, we were overrun almost by about twenty-five or

thirty of these inmates, who came and hugged us and tried to show us the gratitude they

had for us being there liberating them. Actually, we did not liberate them. It was the infantry

units themselves that liberated these people. But anyway, they were so overwhelmed with

emotion that they tried every way they could to show us appreciation. But I remember this

young man. His name was, we called him Bud. He and I both had some caramels and I had

some K-ration biscuits, and we started to distribute them among these soldiers, or rather,

these camp inmates. And the net result was all, we almost started a riot because they

fought like animals trying to get anything that looked like food. And this man and I

have discussed that since then and we have never encountered such an atmosphere of complete

desolation of the, of mankind. And then I recall that in these, in this building itself,

it was made like shelves that went clear to the ceiling and they would be just maybe two

feet wide and two feet square, and these went the full length of the building, and these

people would climb up and slide into these slots, I guess you could call them, and not

a blanket, not any kind of bed clothes at all, nothing but pure wood. And there they

slept at night, and no, no ventilation, and no sanitary equipment that they would need.

But that, what bothered me the most was out of these 25 or 30, there was 6 or 8 that just

stared at the walls. I mean, there was not one bit of a feeling of or any kind of expression

of who they were or what they were doing there. They just stared at the walls and I’ve often

wondered, I wonder how many of these ever will be able to recover from that traumatic

experience that they had been through. And so, that left me sad to say the least.

They were so thin. I couldn’t pick any of them up. I tried to, but if I were to pick

them up I’d tear the skin. So we had to be very, very careful moving them out. The

skin was just so terrible. So it would take, oh, about at least three people, one person

take the head, one person take the legs, and very carefully lift them up and get them outside,

go ahead and get them outside of that place. We put up tents outside. We had cots and clean

bedding. So we’d take them out there. Or, if there was a hospital nearby, we’d go

and take over that hospital and move them in there. But we couldn’t… for typhus,

that was the main thing, there was no medication. Just supportive treatment and get fluids down

them. Well they couldn’t drink anything, so we had to feed them with medicine droppers.

And we couldn’t give them hypos because there was no place to stick them. There was

no skin at all... no muscle, just skin

and bone. There was no place to give them a hypo.

I want you to know that when the war ended, I weighed the equivalent of probably what

is 70 pounds, and I was skin and bone. And I do remember that when that British soldier

came and asked me... he said he’s... can he do something for me? And I said to him

I’d like two things. I’d like him to give me, bring me warm socks. We’re talking,

this was already May. It was warm. I was cold. I wanted warm socks, knee-length socks. And

I wanted sugar. So he brought me – I was craving sugar, I suppose – he brought me

socks and I do remember two things. I remember when he... that I put on the socks and I started

to cry because I didn’t have any calf. I was all bones and this... the knee-length

socks wouldn’t stay on. But I also remember that when he gave me the sugar, and it may

not have been more than maybe a quarter of a pound maybe, a little bag of sugar, but

it was maybe, as I said, sugar, just plain sugar. I took that bag and I just poured it

into my mouth. I just ate it like that. And I remember... I remember it because he got

scared, and he ran out looking for the nurses because he thought God knows what I did to

myself by eating all this sugar. And I remember the nurse said to him in German that it’s

okay. I was probably just craving sugar.

My very clear view of freedom and liberation came that morning when I stood in this doorway

of that abandoned factory and I saw a car coming down the hill. And the reality of that

came when I saw the white star on its hood and not the swastika. There were two men in

that car. One jumped out. I saw some skeletal figures trying to get

some water from a hand pump. But over on the other side, leaning against the wall next

to the entrance of the building, I saw a girl standing, and I decided to walk up to her.

I remember that aura of him, of that awe, of that disbelief in daylight, to really see

someone who fought for our freedom, for my ideals. And he looked like God to me.

And I asked her in German and in English whether she spoke either language, and she answered

me in German. And I knew what I had to say. And I said to

him, “We are Jewish, you know.” For a very long time – at least to me it seemed

very long – he didn’t answer me. And then his own voice betrayed his emotion. He was

wearing dark glasses. I couldn’t see his eyes. He said, “So am I.”

I asked about her companions. He said, “May I see the other ladies?”A

form of address we hadn’t heard for six years. I told him most of the girls were inside.

They were too ill to walk. And he said to me, “Won’t you come with me?” I didn’t

know what he meant. So he held the door open for me and let me precede him. And that was

the moment of restoration of humanity, of humaneness, of dignity, of freedom.

We went inside the factory. It was an indescribable scene. There were women scattered over the

floor on scraps of straw, some of them quite obviously with the mark of death on their

faces. I took him to see my friends.

The girl who was my guide made sort of a sweeping gesture over this scene of devastation and

said the following words, “Noble be man, merciful and good.” And I could hardly believe

that she was able to summon a poem by the German poet Goethe, which was called, is called,

“The Divine,” at such a moment. And there was nothing that she could have said that

would have underscored the grim irony of the situation better than what she did.

And this first young American of Liberation Day is now my husband. He opened not only

the door for me, but the door to my life and my future.

On this day in April 1945, with some of my comrades, I walked through the gates of a

place called Buchenwald. I was totally unprepared for what I saw. For someone of 19, they couldn’t

be prepared. They haven’t lived long enough. I was still trying to develop my values system.

I was still trying to sort things out. And then all of a sudden, slap, right in the face

was the horror perpetrated by man against man. But nevertheless the story must be told.

We must talk about the crematoriums. We must talk about the dead. We must talk about the

denigration of human personalities. How they tried to make people less than human. And

the purposes are beyond me. It boggles the mind for me to try to figure out, why? Why

would someone take millions of people and in a planned, organized, systematic way try

to destroy them and exterminate them? I have yet to come to grips with that in my own mind.

But I know that I must share this so that the history books really tell the story as

it is. That nobody sugarcoats the history as they did with slavery. And make you think

that all slaves loved the plantation when it’s not true. We cannot, even though the

revisionists are out there today writing books and telling students that it never happened,

we cannot ignore our responsibilities to tell the stories. Yes, we must be graphic. We must

use the media. We must come together like this to focus attention across the world.

But in the final analysis my friends, if we want to avoid another Holocaust, if we want

to make sure that this doesn’t happen again, then we have a personal responsibility to

do something about it.