but thanks to an incredibly innovative experiment,

we may not have to actually go there to understand the deepest inner workings of our planet.

So far, we've mostly explored our planet's interior using seismic measurements—

basically, measuring vibrations that pass through the Earth to tell us more about what's going on in there.

Thanks to research like this we know the Earth has an innermost, super dense solid core,

surrounded by a less dense, liquid outer core.

But an exciting new experiment tells us details about the Earth's core that we've never had access to before.

This research uses something called a diamond anvil cell to achieve its results.

As strange as it sounds, a diamond anvil cell is literally two rather glamorous looking diamonds

pressed together to create a tremendous amount of pressure.

Like, this science is truly blinged out.

By putting a sample of a material in a diamond anvil cell

we can see how it behaves under these extreme pressures.

Which is exactly what these researchers did with liquid iron.

Iron is not only the 6th most abundant element in the universe,

it's also thought to make up a large part of the core of our own planet,

and the cores of Mercury and Mars.

So, understanding how iron behaves under extreme circumstances is essential

to understanding the inner workings of our planet,

and even how Earth formed in the first place and how it's evolved since.

The tricky part though, is creating those extreme conditions for extended periods of time.

So far, it's been pretty tough to put liquid iron under super high pressures

for longer than a few microseconds—

that's not really long enough for us to be confident about drawing hard conclusions about a material's behavior.

But the diamond anvil cell technique has given us just that—

a long and extreme enough look at iron samples to tell us details we've never had before.

This team was able to smoosh a minuscule drop of iron down to 116 gigapascals—

that's over a million times greater than the pressure we feel here at Earth's surface—

and heated it with an infrared laser to 4350 Kelvin—

that's 15-16 times hotter than average room temperature.

Those are temperatures and pressures really close to what you'd find at the Earth's core,

and they're conditions we've never reached before with diamond anvil cells.

They held it at those conditions long enough to use a highly focused X-ray source

to essentially 'take a picture' of what was going on inside that droplet of liquid iron.

These conditions replicate what we think iron would be experiencing in Earth's outer core.

So, this experiment allowed us to probe what the composition of that liquid iron core might be like.

But when the researchers compared the measurements they took of this drop of pure liquid iron

at these conditions and compared it to the seismic data we actually have of Earth's core...

they didn't match up.

The experimental iron droplet was about 8% more dense than the measurements we currently have

for the Earth's core, meaning that there are probably other,

lighter elements hanging out in Earth's core that we currently haven't identified.

I had no idea that so much was unknown about what's going on inside our planet, that is just totally wild to me.

Now, while I was able to tell you the set up and process for this experiment in pretty much less than 30 seconds,

it took this team over two decades to perfect this experimental set up

and get it to the place where it could give us these results.

Talk about pressure in more ways than one, man.

In fact, teams all over the world have been developing diamond anvil cell experiments

to give us more answers about our planet,

like one from 2019 that explored iron alloys under pressure

to better understand the behavior of the Earth's magnetic field.

But now that this latest research has successfully achieved these record-breaking

extreme conditions with iron,

they and others around the world could adapt this technique to explore other materials in the same way.

This could help us get a better picture of the way Earth's interior has evolved

and may continue to evolve over time.

And maybe further work like this will finally help us nail down what those still-unidentified mystery materials

inside the Earth really are.

If you want more on the cool and surprising stuff happening below the Earth's crust,

check out this video here, and keep coming back to Seeker for all your wave-making news.

If you have other high-pressure experiments you want us to cover, leave it for us in the comments down below,

and as always, thanks so much for watching.

I'll see ya next time.