it struck me that I was losing the ability

to engage with people who aren't like-minded.

The idea of discussing hot-button issues with my fellow Americans

was starting to give me more heartburn

than the times that I engaged with suspected extremists overseas.

It was starting to leave me feeling more embittered and frustrated.

And so just like that,

I shifted my entire focus

from global national security threats

to trying to understand what was causing this push

towards extreme polarization at home.

As a former CIA officer and diplomat

who spent years working on counterextremism issues,

I started to fear that this was becoming a far greater threat to our democracy

than any foreign adversary.

And so I started digging in,

and I started speaking out,

which eventually led me to being hired at Facebook

and ultimately brought me here today

to continue warning you about how these platforms

are manipulating and radicalizing so many of us

and to talk about how to reclaim our public square.

I was a foreign service officer in Kenya

just a few years after the September 11 attacks,

and I led what some call "hearts and minds" campaigns

along the Somalia border.

A big part of my job was to build trust with communities

deemed the most susceptible to extremist messaging.

I spent hours drinking tea with outspoken anti-Western clerics

and even dialogued with some suspected terrorists,

and while many of these engagements began with mutual suspicion,

I don't recall any of them resulting in shouting or insults,

and in some case we even worked together on areas of mutual interest.

The most powerful tools we had were to simply listen, learn

and build empathy.

This is the essence of hearts and minds work,

because what I found again and again is that what most people wanted

was to feel heard, validated and respected.

And I believe that's what most of us want.

So what I see happening online today is especially heartbreaking

and a much harder problem to tackle.

We are being manipulated by the current information ecosystem

entrenching so many of us so far into absolutism

that compromise has become a dirty word.

Because right now,

social media companies like Facebook

profit off of segmenting us and feeding us personalized content

that both validates and exploits our biases.

Their bottom line depends on provoking a strong emotion

to keep us engaged,

often incentivizing the most inflammatory and polarizing voices,

to the point where finding common ground no longer feels possible.

And despite a growing chorus of people crying out for the platforms to change,

it's clear they will not do enough on their own.

So governments must define the responsibility

for the real-world harms being caused by these business models

and impose real costs on the damaging effects

they're having to our public health, our public square and our democracy.

But unfortunately, this won't happen in time for the US presidential election,

so I am continuing to raise this alarm,

because even if one day we do have strong rules in place,

it will take all of us to fix this.

When I started shifting my focus from threats abroad

to the breakdown in civil discourse at home,

I wondered if we could repurpose some of these hearts and minds campaigns

to help heal our divides.

Our more than 200-year experiment with democracy works

in large part because we are able to openly and passionately

debate our ideas for the best solutions.

But while I still deeply believe

in the power of face-to-face civil discourse,

it just cannot compete

with the polarizing effects and scale of social media right now.

The people who are sucked down these rabbit holes

of social media outrage

often feel far harder to break of their ideological mindsets

than those vulnerable communities I worked with ever were.

So when Facebook called me in 2018

and offered me this role

heading its elections integrity operations for political advertising,

I felt I had to say yes.

I had no illusions that I would fix it all,

but when offered the opportunity

to help steer the ship in a better direction,

I had to at least try.

I didn't work directly on polarization,

but I did look at which issues were the most divisive in our society

and therefore the most exploitable in elections interference efforts,

which was Russia's tactic ahead of 2016.

So I started by asking questions.

I wanted to understand the underlying systemic issues

that were allowing all of this to happen,

in order to figure out how to fix it.

Now I still do believe in the power of the internet

to bring more voices to the table,

but despite their stated goal of building community,

the largest social media companies as currently constructed

are antithetical to the concept of reasoned discourse.

There's no way to reward listening,

to encourage civil debate

and to protect people who sincerely want to ask questions

in a business where optimizing engagement and user growth

are the two most important metrics for success.

There's no incentive to help people slow down,

to build in enough friction that people have to stop,

recognize their emotional reaction to something,

and question their own assumptions before engaging.

The unfortunate reality is:

lies are more engaging online than truth,

and salaciousness beats out wonky, fact-based reasoning

in a world optimized for frictionless virality.

As long as algorithms' goals are to keep us engaged,

they will continue to feed us the poison that plays to our worst instincts

and human weaknesses.

And yes, anger, mistrust,

the culture of fear, hatred:

none of this is new in America.

But in recent years, social media has harnessed all of that

and, as I see it, dramatically tipped the scales.

And Facebook knows it.

A recent "Wall Street Journal" article

exposed an internal Facebook presentation from 2018

that specifically points to the companies' own algorithms

for growing extremist groups' presence on their platform

and for polarizing their users.

But keeping us engaged is how they make their money.

The modern information environment is crystallized around profiling us

and then segmenting us into more and more narrow categories

to perfect this personalization process.

We're then bombarded with information confirming our views,

reinforcing our biases,

and making us feel like we belong to something.

These are the same tactics we would see terrorist recruiters

using on vulnerable youth,

albeit in smaller, more localized ways before social media,

with the ultimate goal of persuading their behavior.

Unfortunately, I was never empowered by Facebook to have an actual impact.

In fact, on my second day, my title and job description were changed

and I was cut out of decision-making meetings.

My biggest efforts,

trying to build plans

to combat disinformation and voter suppression in political ads,

were rejected.

And so I lasted just shy of six months.

But here is my biggest takeaway from my time there.

There are thousands of people at Facebook

who are passionately working on a product

that they truly believe makes the world a better place,

but as long as the company continues to merely tinker around the margins

of content policy and moderation,

as opposed to considering

how the entire machine is designed and monetized,

they will never truly address how the platform is contributing

to hatred, division and radicalization.

And that's the one conversation I never heard happen during my time there,

because that would require fundamentally accepting

that the thing you built might not be the best thing for society

and agreeing to alter the entire product and profit model.

So what can we do about this?

I'm not saying that social media bears the sole responsibility

for the state that we're in today.

Clearly, we have deep-seated societal issues that we need to solve.

But Facebook's response, that it is just a mirror to society,

is a convenient attempt to deflect any responsibility

from the way their platform is amplifying harmful content

and pushing some users towards extreme views.

And Facebook could, if they wanted to,

fix some of this.

They could stop amplifying and recommending the conspiracy theorists,

the hate groups, the purveyors of disinformation

and, yes, in some cases even our president.

They could stop using the same personalization techniques

to deliver political rhetoric that they use to sell us sneakers.

They could retrain their algorithms

to focus on a metric other than engagement,

and they could build in guardrails to stop certain content from going viral

before being reviewed.

And they could do all of this

without becoming what they call the arbiters of truth.

But they've made it clear that they will not go far enough

to do the right thing without being forced to,

and, to be frank, why should they?

The markets keep rewarding them, and they're not breaking the law.

Because as it stands,

there are no US laws compelling Facebook, or any social media company,

to protect our public square,

our democracy

and even our elections.

We have ceded the decision-making on what rules to write and what to enforce

to the CEOs of for-profit internet companies.

Is this what we want?

A post-truth world where toxicity and tribalism

trump bridge-building and consensus-seeking?

I do remain optimistic that we still have more in common with each other

than the current media and online environment portray,

and I do believe that having more perspective surface

makes for a more robust and inclusive democracy.

But not the way it's happening right now.

And it bears emphasizing, I do not want to kill off these companies.

I just want them held to a certain level of accountability,

just like the rest of society.

It is time for our governments to step up and do their jobs

of protecting our citizenry.

And while there isn't one magical piece of legislation

that will fix this all,

I do believe that governments can and must find the balance

between protecting free speech

and holding these platforms accountable for their effects on society.

And they could do so in part by insisting on actual transparency

around how these recommendation engines are working,

around how the curation, amplification and targeting are happening.

You see, I want these companies held accountable

not for if an individual posts misinformation

or extreme rhetoric,

but for how their recommendation engines spread it,

how their algorithms are steering people towards it,

and how their tools are used to target people with it.

I tried to make change from within Facebook and failed,

and so I've been using my voice again for the past few years

to continue sounding this alarm

and hopefully inspire more people to demand this accountability.

My message to you is simple:

pressure your government representatives

to step up and stop ceding our public square to for-profit interests.

Help educate your friends and family

about how they're being manipulated online.

Push yourselves to engage with people who aren't like-minded.

Make this issue a priority.

We need a whole-society approach to fix this.

And my message to the leaders of my former employer Facebook is this:

right now, people are using your tools exactly as they were designed

to sow hatred, division and distrust,

and you're not just allowing it, you are enabling it.

And yes, there are lots of great stories

of positive things happening on your platform around the globe,

but that doesn't make any of this OK.

And it's only getting worse as we're heading into our election,