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（掌聲）

My students often ask me,

我的學生經常問我。

"What is sociology?" and I tell them it's the study of the way

我告訴他們這是對社會學的研究

in which human beings are shaped by things that they don't see.

中，人類被他們看不到的東西所塑造。

And they say "So, how can I be a sociologist?"

他們會說"那麼，我怎麼能成為一個社會學家呢&quot。

"How can I understand those invisible forces?"

"我怎麼能理解那些無形的力量呢&quot。

and I say, "Empathy."

我說，"同理心&quot。

Start with empathy.

從同理心開始。

It all begins with empathy. Take yourself out of your shoes and put yourself

這一切都始於同理心。把自己從你的鞋子裡拿出來，把自己

into the shoes of another person.

進入他人的鞋子。

Here, I'll give you an example.

在這裡，我'給大家舉個例子。

So I imagine my life if a hundred years ago, China had been

所以我想象著我的生活，如果在一百年前，中國已經是

the most powerful nation in the world,

世界上最強大的國家。

and they came to the United States in search of coal.

他們來到美國尋找煤炭。

And they found it, and in fact they found lots of it right here.

他們找到了，事實上他們在這裡就找到了很多。

And pretty soon they began shipping that coal ton by ton,

很快他們就開始一噸一噸地運煤。

rail car by rail car, boat load by boat load back to China

軌交車，船裝車，船裝車回國。

and elsewhere around the world.

和世界各地的其他地方。

And they got fabulously weatlthy in doing so.

而且他們在這樣做的過程中得到了很好的鍛鍊。

They built beautiful cities all powered on that coal.

他們建立了美麗的城市，所有的動力都來自於這些煤炭。

And back here in the United States we saw economic despair, depravation.

而在美國，我們看到的是經濟上的絕望，墮落。

This is what I saw. I saw people struggling to get by,

這就是我看到的。我看到人們在掙扎著過日子。

not knowing what was what and what was next.

不知道什麼是什麼，下一步是什麼。

And I asked myself a question.

我問了自己一個問題。

I say, "How is it possible that we can be so poor in the United States,

我說，"我們美國怎麼可能這麼窮。

because the coal is such a wealthy resource. It's so much money?"

因為煤炭是如此豐富的資源。它'這麼多錢嗎&quot。

And I realize because the Chinese ingratiated themselves

我意識到因為中國人的討好

with a small ruling class here in the United States

在美國的少數統治階級的支持下

who stole all of that money and all of that wealth for themselves.

誰偷走了所有的錢和所有的財富為自己所用。

And the rest of us, the vast majority of us struggle to get by.

而我們剩下的人，絕大部分人都在苦苦掙扎。

And the Chinese gave this small ruling elite loads

而中國人給了這個小的統治精英們很多東西

of military weapons and sophisticated technology in order to insure

軍事武器和尖端技術，以確保其安全。

that people like me would not speak out against this relationship.

像我這樣的人是不會反對這種關係的。

Does this sound familiar?

這聽起來很熟悉嗎？

And they did things like train Americans to help protect the coal.

他們還做了一些事情，比如訓練美國人幫助保護煤炭。

And everywhere were symbols of the Chinese.

而且到處都是中國人的符號。

Everywhere a constant reminder.

處處都在提醒著我們。

And back in China? What do they say in China? Nothing.

那回中國呢？在中國他們怎麼說？什麼都不說

They don't talk about us. They don't talk about the coal.

他們不談論我們。他們不'談煤。

If you ask them they'll say, "Well, you know, the coal?

如果你問他們，他們'會說，"嗯，你知道，煤？

We need the coal. I mean, come on."

我們需要煤。我的意思是，來吧。 &quot。

"I'm not going to turn down my thermostat. You can't expect that."

"我'不會調低我的恆溫器。你不能期望這樣.&quot。

And so I get angry and I get pissed,

所以我很生氣，我很生氣。

as do lots of average people, and we fight back.

和很多普通人一樣，我們也要反擊。

And it gets really ugly and the Chinese respond in a very ugly way.

而這一切變得非常醜陋，中國人的反應也非常醜陋。

And before we know it they've sent in the tanks

在我們意識到之前，他們已經派來了坦克。

and they've sent in the troops and lots of people are dying.

和他們'已經發送的軍隊 和很多人都死了。

And it's a very, very difficult situation.

而這是一個非常非常困難的情況。

So, can you feel me? Can you imagine what you would feel

那麼，你能感覺到我嗎？你能想象你會有什麼感覺嗎？

if you were in my shoes?

如果你是我的鞋子？

Can you imagine walking out of this building and seeing a tank

你能想象走出這棟樓，看到一輛坦克嗎？

sitting out there or a truck full of soldiers.

坐在那裡或滿載阿兵哥的卡車。

Just imagine what you would feel because you know why they're here

想象一下你會有什麼感覺，因為你知道他們為什麼在這裡。

and you know what they're doing here, and you just feel the anger

你知道他們在這裡做什麼， 你只是覺得憤怒

and you feel the fear. Okay? If you can, that's empathy.

你就會感到恐懼好嗎？ - 如果可以，那就是同理心。如果你能，這就是同理心。

That's empathy. You've left your shoes and stood in mine.

這就是同理心。你已經離開了你的鞋子，站在我的鞋子裡。

And you gotta feel that. Okay, so that's the warmup. That's the warmup.

你要感受到這一點。好了，所以這就是熱身。這就是熱身。

Now we're going to have the real radical experiment.

現在我們'要進行真正的激進實驗。

And so for the remainder of my talk what I want you to do

所以在我剩下的演講中，我想讓你們做的是：

is put yourselves in the shoes of an ordinary Arab Muslim

是把自己放在一個普通的阿拉伯穆斯林的立場上。

living in the Middle East, in particular in Iraq.

生活在中東，特別是伊拉克的人。

And so to help you--

所以為了幫助你...

perhaps you're a member of this middle class family in Baghdad.

也許你&#39；是巴格達這個中產階級家庭的成員。

And what you want is the best for your kids.

而你想要的是對你的孩子最好的。

You want your kids to have a better life.

你希望你的孩子有更好的生活。

And you watch the news. You pay attention. You read the newspaper.

而你看新聞。你關注。你看報紙。

You go down to the coffee shop with your friends.

你和你的朋友們一起去了咖啡店。

And you read the newspapers from around the world,

而你讀的是世界各地的報紙。

and sometimes you even watch satellite CNN from the United States

有時你甚至可以從美國看衛星CNN。

so you have a sense of what the Americans are thinking.

這樣你就知道美國人在想什麼了。

But really you just want a better life for yourself.

但其實你只是想讓自己過上更好的生活。

That's what you want. You're Arab Muslim living in Iraq.

這就是你想要的。你是生活在伊拉克的阿拉伯穆斯林。

You want a better life for yourself. So here, let me help you.

你想讓自己過上更好的生活。所以，在這裡，讓我來幫助你。

Let me help you with some things that you might be thinking.

讓我幫你解決一些你可能會想到的問題。

Number one, this incursion into your land these past twenty years and before?

第一，這次入侵你的地盤這二十年來和之前？

The reason anyone's interested in your land in particular the United States?

有人對你的土地特別是美國感興趣的原因是什麼？

It's oil.

這是石油。

But it's all about oil. You know that. Everybody knows that.

但這都是為了石油。你知道的每個人都知道。

People here back in the United States know it's about oil.

回到美國這裡的人都知道是關於石油的。

It's because somebody else has a design for your resource.

這'是因為別人對你的資源有設計。

It's your resource. It's not somebody else's, right? It's your land.

這是你的資源。這不是別人的，對嗎？這是你的土地。

It's your resource. Somebody else has a design for it.

這是你的資源。別人有一個設計。

And you know why they have a design? You know why they have their eyes set on it?

你知道他們為什麼會有設計嗎？你知道他們為什麼會盯上它嗎？

Because they have an entire economic system that's dependent on that oil.

因為他們有一個完整的經濟體系，'的依賴石油。

Foreign oil. Oil from other parts of the world that they don't own.

外國石油。來自世界其他地方的石油，他們並不擁有。

And what else do you think about these people?

那你對這些人還有什麼看法？

Well, the Americans, they're rich! Come on, they live in big houses, they have big cars,

好吧，美國人，他們很有錢!來吧，他們住在大房子裡，他們有大車。

they have blonde hair, blue eyes. They're happy. You think that.

他們有金色的頭髮，藍色的眼睛。他們很快樂你認為。

It's not true, of course, but that's the media impression. That's like what you get?

當然，這不是真的，但這是媒體的印象。這'就像你得到的？

And they have big cities and the cities are all dependent on oil.

而且他們有大城市，城市都是依靠石油。

And back home what do you see?

回到家裡，你看到了什麼？

Poverty, despair, struggle. Look, you don't live in a wealthy country.

貧窮、絕望、掙扎。你看，你不生活在一個富裕的國家。

I mean this is Iraq.

我是說這是伊拉克。

This is what you see -- you see people struggling to get by.

這就是你所看到的 -- 你看到的是人們為了生存而掙扎。

I mean it's not easy. You see a lot of poverty and you feel something about this.

我的意思是它'不容易。你看到很多貧困，你對這個有感覺。

These people have designs for your resource, and this is what you see?

這些人對你的資源有設計，這就是你看到的？

It doesn't feel good. But here, a couple other things?

這感覺並不好。但在這裡，還有幾件事？

Something else you see that you talk about.

你看到的其他東西，你說的。

Americans don't talk about this, but you do.

美國人不說這個，但你說了。

There's this thing this militarization of the world, and it's centered right in the United States.

有這個東西... ...這個世界的軍事化， 它的中心就在美國。

And the United States is responsible for almost one half of the world's military spending.

而美國的軍費開支幾乎佔到了世界的一半'。

Four per cent of the world's population and you feel it, you see it every day.

佔世界人口的4%，你感覺到了，你每天都能看到它。

It's part of your life and you talk about it with your friends.

它'是你生活的一部分，你和你的朋友談論它。

You read about it. And back when Sadaam Hussein was in power?

你讀過了在薩達姆-侯賽因當權的時候呢？

The Americans didn't care about his crimes.

美國人並不關心他的罪行。

When he was gassing the Kurds and gassing Iran they didn't care about it.

當他在毒殺庫爾德人和毒殺伊朗時，他們沒有'關心它。

When oil was at stake, somehow suddenly things mattered.

當石油岌岌可危的時候，不知為何突然間事情變得重要起來。

And what you see? Something else?

那你看到了什麼？還有別的東西嗎？

The United States, the hub of democracy around the world?

美國，是全世界民主的中心？

They don't seem to really be supporting democratic countries all around the world.

他們似乎並沒有真正支持全世界的民主國家。

There are a lot of countries, oil-producing countries, that aren't very democratic

有很多國家，產油國，不是很民主的國家

but supported by the United States.

但得到美國的支持。

That's odd.

這就奇怪了。

Oh, these incursions. Here, let me help you.

哦，這些入侵。在這裡，讓我來幫你。

These incursions? These two years wars? The ten years of sanctions?

這些入侵？這兩年的戰爭？這十年的制裁？

The eight years of occupation?

佔領的八年？

The insurgency that's been unleashed on your people?

叛亂已經在你的人民身上發動了？

The tens of thousand, the hundreds of thousands of civilian deaths

幾萬、幾十萬平民的死亡。

all because of oil.

都是因為石油。

You can't help but think that. You talk about it.

你不能不這麼想。你說說看。

It's in the forefront of your mind always.

它'在你的腦海中始終是最重要的。

You say, "How is that possible? Come on."

你說，"這怎麼可能？來吧！&quot。

And this man?

這個人呢？

He's every man. Your grandfather, your uncle your father,

他是每個人。你的祖父，你的叔叔，你的父親。

your son, your neighbor, your professor, your student --

你的兒子，你的鄰居，你的教授，你的學生 --

wants a life of happiness and joy and suddenly pain and sorrow.

想要幸福快樂的生活，又突然痛苦悲傷。

Everyone in your country has been touched by the violence,

貴國的每個人都受到了暴力的影響。

the bloodshed, the pain, the horror. Everybody.

血腥，痛苦，恐怖。所有人

Not a single person in your country has not been touched.

貴國沒有一個人沒有接觸過。

So here, but there's something else.

所以在這裡，但還有一些其他的東西。

There's something else about these people, these Americans who are there.

有'的東西，這些人，這些美國人誰在那裡。

There's something else about them that you see. They don't see themselves.

有'別的東西關於他們，你看。他們沒有看到自己。

And what do you see? They're Christians.

你看到了什麼？他們是基督徒

They're Christians. They worship the Christian God.

他們是基督徒。他們崇拜基督教的上帝。

They have crosses, they carry bibles.

他們有十字架，他們帶著聖經。

Their Bibles have a little insignia that says U.S. Army on them.

他們的聖經上有一個小徽章，上面寫著美軍。

And their leaders, their leaders, before they send their sons and

而他們的上司，他們的上司，才會派他們的兒子和。

daughters off to war in your country, and you know the reason,

女兒們去你的國家打仗，你知道原因。

before they send them off, they go to a Christian church

在他們送走他們之前，他們去了一個基督教教堂

and they pray to their Christian God

他們向基督教的上帝祈禱

and they ask for protection and guidance from that god.

他們要求從那個神那裡得到保護和指導。

Why?

為什麼？

Well, obviously so that when people die in the war they are Muslims.

很明顯，這樣一來，當人們死於戰爭時，他們就是穆斯林。

They are Iraqis.

他們是伊拉克人。

They're not Americans.

他們&#39；不是美國人。

You don't want Americans to die. Protect our troops.

你不希望美國人死亡。保護我們的軍隊。

And you feel something about that. Of course you do?

而你對此也有感覺你當然有感覺？

And they do wonderful things, beautiful humanitarian things,

他們做的是美好的事情，美好的人道主義事情。

but these humanitarians, I mean because these people, they're there

但這些人道主義者，我的意思是，因為這些人，他們有

you read about it, you hear about it, they're there to build schools

你讀到它，你聽到它，他們'在那裡建立學校。

and help people and that's what they want to do.

並幫助人們，這'就是他們想做的事情。

They do wonderful things, but they also do the bad things

他們做著美好的事情，但也做著不好的事情。

and you can't tell the difference.

而你卻無法分辨。

And so you don't.

所以你不'。

And this guy, you got a guy like Lieutenant General William Boykin.

而這個人，你有一個像威廉-博伊金中將這樣的人。

I mean, here's a guy that says that your god is a false god.

我的意思是，這裡'的傢伙說，你的上帝是一個假神。

Your god is an idol. His god is the true god. The solution to the problem in the Middle East

你的神是偶像他的神才是真正的神。解決中東問題的方法

according to him is to convert you all to Christianity.

根據他的說法是讓你們都皈依基督教。

Just get rid of your religion.

擺脫你的宗教信仰吧。

And you know that.

你也知道的

Americans don't read about this guy.

美國人不讀這傢伙。

They don't know anything about him, but you do.

他們對他一無所知，但你知道。

You pass it around, you pass his words around.

你傳來傳去，你傳他的話。

I mean this is serious. You're afraid.

我的意思是這是嚴重的。你害怕。

He was one of the leading commanders in the second invasion of Iraq,

他是第二次入侵伊拉克的主要指揮官之一。

and you're thinking "My god, if this guy is saying that,

和你'在想"我的上帝，如果這個傢伙說。

then all the soldiers must be saying that."

那麼所有的阿兵哥肯定都會這麼說.&quot。

Right?

對吧？

This word here. George Bush called this war a "crusade."

這個詞在這裡。喬治-布什稱這場戰爭為"十字軍東征&quot。

Man, the Americans they're just like, "Crusade, whatever, I don't know what that means."

男人，美國人他們'就像，"十字軍，什麼的，我不'知道那是什麼意思。

But you know what it means. It's a Holy War against Muslims.

但你知道這意味著什麼。這是一場針對穆斯林的聖戰。

Look, invade, subdue them, take their resources. If they won't submit, kill them.

聽著，入侵，征服他們，奪取他們的資源。如果他們不服從，就殺了他們。

That's what this is about.

這就是我們的目的。

And you're thinking "My god, these Christians are coming to kill us."

而你'在想"我的上帝，這些基督徒是來殺我們的&quot。

This is frightening. You feel frightened.

這是可怕的。你感到害怕。

Of course you feel frightened?

你當然覺得害怕了？

Of course you feel frightened.

你當然會感到害怕

Why wouldn't you feel frightened.

為什麼你不會感到害怕呢'。

And this man, Terry Jones, I mean here's a guy wants to burn Korans, right?

而這個人，特里-瓊斯，我的意思是這裡有一個人想燒掉古蘭經，對嗎？

And the Americans, "Oh what, he's a knucklehead, he's a former hotel manager,

而美國人，"哦，什麼，他&39;是個笨蛋，他&39;是個前酒店經理。

he's got three dozen members of his church",

他'的教會有三打成員"。

they laugh him off. You don't laugh him off.

他們嘲笑他。你不嘲笑他。

Because in the context of everything else, all the pieces fit.

因為在其他一切的背景下，所有的碎片都是合適的。

I mean of course this is how the Americans think,

我是說美國人當然是這麼想的。

and so people all over the Middle East, not just in your country are protesting.

所以整個中東地區的人們，不只是在你的國家都在抗議。

He wants to burn Korans, our holy book.

他想燒掉可蘭經，我們的聖書。

These Christians, Who are these Christians? They're so evil, they're so mean.

這些基督徒，這些基督徒是誰？他們是如此邪惡，他們是如此卑鄙。

I mean this is what they're about?

我的意思是，這就是他們&#39；的目的？

This is what you're thinking as an Arab Muslim, as an Iraqi.

這是你作為一個阿拉伯穆斯林，作為一個伊拉克人的想法。

Of course you're going to think this. How can you not think this?

你當然會這麼想。你怎麼能不這麼想呢？

And then your cousin says "Hey, cuz, check out this website.

然後你的表哥說"嘿，cuz，看看這個網站。

You gotta see this Christian, this Bible Boot Camp.

你得看看這個基督徒，這個聖經訓練營。

These Christians are nuts. They're training their little kids to be soldiers for Jesus."

這些基督徒是瘋子。他們'正在訓練他們的小孩子成為耶穌的阿兵哥。

And they take these little kids, and they run them through these things

他們帶著這些小孩子，讓他們去做這些事情

and they teach them how to say "Sir, yes, sir!", and play games like grenade toss,

他們教他們如何說"先生，是的，先生！"，並玩擲手榴彈等遊戲。

and weapons care and maintenance.

以及武器保養和維護；

And go to the website. It says U.S. Army right on it.

然後去網站。上面寫著美軍。

I mean these Christians they're nuts!

我的意思是，這些基督徒他們'瘋了!

How would they do this to their little kids?

他們怎麼會這樣對待自己的小孩子？

And you're reading this website and of course Christians

而你'閱讀這個網站，當然基督徒的。

back in the United States or anybody says

在美國或任何人說

"Aw, this is a little tiny church in the middle of nowhere."

"Aw，這是一個小小的教堂在中間的地方.&quot。

You don't know that.

你不知道

For you, this is all Christians.

對你來說，這都是基督徒。

It's all over the web -- Bible Boot Camp.

它在網上到處都是--聖經訓練營。

And look at this. They even teach their kids.

看看這個。他們甚至教他們的孩子。