you'll know that batteries are complicated.

They come in all shapes, sizes, charge capabilities,

and we use them in everything.

And if there's one battery technology that sets the gold standard,

it's the lithium-ion battery.

These batteries are one of the only types

to pack powerful energy storage

in a small and lightweight design.

So, when designing battery technologies for the future,

the challenge is to improve upon the advantages

that the lithium-ion battery already has.

Because even though lithium-ion batteries

currently dominate the global battery market,

there are quite a few things about them that could be improved,

like power output, energy capacity,

cost, lifespan, and safety.

Now some of the most promising designs

for giving lithium-ion battery technology a boost

are the lithium-silicon battery,

the lithium-sulfur battery,

solid-state lithium-ion batteries

and one that's a common nation of approaches.

And changing out the materials used

to make anodes, cathodes and electrolytes

is exactly what scientists have been doing.

But what is it gonna take for one of these

to become the new battery of the future?

It's important to note that a simple change

in a battery's design can significantly affect

its voltage and storage capacity.

Here I've made a really simple homemade battery

with 14 cells using an ice cube tray,

steel screws, copper wire, a couple electrical leads,

and this voltmeter.

And the way this works is that each little ice cube tray

is its own battery cell.

So you've got the copper acting like the cathode.

It's gaining electrons.

The steel is acting as the anode.

It's losing electrons.

And the salt water is acting as my electrolyte,

allowing that flow of charges.

Now, when I hook it up to the voltmeter,

you can see I am reading a voltage of around 200 millivolts.

Now, what I'm interested in is what would happen

if we changed out the electrolyte solution

to the, say, vinegar.

Lemon juice.

So all these sorts of things can make a significant impact

on the voltage and the storage capacity of the battery.

MAREN: First up, silicon anode batteries.

Remember that anodes are the negative electrode within a call?

Well, like we talked about in the last episode,

the current most popular anode material

in lithium-ion cells is graphite.

This is because graphite's structure helps keep

those lithium ions efficiently stored in the anode.

But there is a maximum amount of lithium-ions

that can be stored in the anode,

and that determines the cell's capacity.

And as it turns out,

silicon does a much better job than graphite

at absorbing and holding lithium-ions.

And this means batteries can be made smaller,

more energy-efficient, and cheaper.

But, of course, this does all come with a catch.

Silicon anodes have a tendency to dramatically expand

when encountering lithium during charging.

And those anodes also then shrink

when the battery discharges.

And this repeated expansion and contraction

shortens the lifespan of the battery,

and ultimately, its usefulness.

But researchers like those at Enovix,

are aiming to fix this problem.

We don't eliminate anode expansion and contraction,

but we do control them.

Propendent 3D cell architecture

enables us to integrate

a very thin stainless steel constraint

into our battery design.

This applies a uniform force around the battery

to constrain the silicon expansion within the cell.

during the charging cycles and during discharge.

MAREN: While some researchers have set their sights on the anode,

others are experimenting with the cathode

with one innovation being lithium sulfur cells.

Lithium on its own is a very volatile substance.

It reacts to air, it reacts to water.

So what the OXIS scientists have done

is taken sulfur as a non-conductive, very cheap material.

and used the sulfur to act as a fire retardant

around lithium metal,

so that if air or water impacts lithium metal,

thermal runaway, fire, explosion, doesn't take place.

Sulfur cathodes, like their silicon anode counterparts,

can absorb more lithium ions

than the typical cobalt-based cathodes.

offering a reduced battery cost

with increased energy density and improved safety

compared to lithium-ion batteries.

HUW: Because one of the key factors

of lithium sulfur

is that it is 50 to 60% lighter than lithium-ion.

Now, if you take a bus with a very large battery,

if you can replace that technology with lithium-sulfur

and you reduce the weight and still

extend the distance covered,

then you have a major breakthrough

in the renewable transportation systems.

But lithium-sulfur cells are still not quite perfect

because they face the challenge

of lithium-polysulfide formation,

or what's known as the polysulfide shuttle.

The sulfur electrode also expands and contracts

as it cycles, which results in a loss of battery efficiency

and power and energy density.

But what if the answer isn't in the anode or the cathode?

What about the electrolyte?

Well, that's where solid state batteries come in.

Solid state electrolytes have been around for a while

and have recently caught on

as a contender for future batteries

because of their promise of improved safety.

But solid state polymers can better withstand extreme conditions.

So when heated, they behave like liquids,

but they can operate without the danger of bursting into flames.

Some researchers believe that solid state batteries

could even give electric vehicles

over 500 miles of range.

And if we really let our imaginations run wild,

using solid state batteries in solar powered vehicles

like the ones that compete in the World Solar Challenge

could potentially lead to even longer ranges.

Now, what's the downside to these solid state batteries?

Well, unlike liquid electrolytes,

they can't stay in contact

with every bit of the electrodes all the time.

And this makes it harder for the ions

to move between electrodes

and create that flow of electricity that we need.

But what if we were able to combine

a few of these innovations that we've already talked about?

We could now make a transition

from liquid electrolyte to solid state lithium sulfur.

And I'm talking about removing the diesel trucks, diesel buses,

the lead based fuel that our aircraft consume.

These are the biggest pollutants that we've got on the planet,

and solid state is certainly the phenomenon

that will render those achievements more realistic.

MAREN: So OXIS Energy is currently not in the solar car market,

but is instead focusing on aerospace,

marine vessels, and electric vehicles.

They're close to achieving an energy density

of 500 watt-hours per kilogram

with their battery,

and have already set a new target

of 600 watt-hours per kilogram.

Essentially, that means a battery like this in the future

could be capable of powering an electric car

for 1,000 kilometers on a single charge.

By comparison, Tesla's Panasonic lithium-ion battery cells,

which are currently the most commercially advanced,

are about half as energy dense.

So all of the battery innovations we've covered

are definitely impressive.

But if we want more solar vehicles on the roads,

we're gonna need a powerful battery storage system

with high energy density, high efficiency,

and the ability to last long on the road, rain or shine,

because currently, none of the options on the market

or even in development totally do the job.

That's why it's important to have events like the World Solar Challenge,

'cause when creating a vehicle like this,

you're pushing technology to its limit.