The first fuel-powered automobile was invented in 1885

1885年發明了第一輛以燃料為動力的汽車。

by Karl Benz of Mercedes-Benz,

由梅賽德斯-奔馳的卡爾-奔馳。

who applied for a patent for his three wheeled,

他為自己的三輪車申請了專利。

gasoline-powered Motorwagen the following year.

翌年，以汽油為動力的Motorwagen汽車正式上市。

But there were cars even before that,

但在此之前就有汽車了。

like this electric car that was invented in the 1830s,

比如這種19世紀30年代發明的電動車。

and this steam-powered tricycle

還有這輛蒸汽三輪車

which had been rolling around France way back in 1769.

早在1769年就已經在法國滾滾而來。

Incredibly, it wasn't until 1955

令人難以置信的是，直到1955年

that the world's first solar-powered vehicle was demonstrated.

展示了世界上第一輛太陽能汽車。

Even then, at a mere 38cm long,

即便如此，在僅有38釐米長。

it was too tiny for a human to drive.

它太小了，人類無法駕駛。

But then, in 1962,

但後來，在1962年。

a drivable solar-powered car was finally unveiled.

一輛可駕駛的太陽能汽車終於亮相了。

Turns out, building a vehicle that's powered by the sun

原來，製造一輛以太陽為動力的汽車。

is actually a lot more challenging

其實是一個很大的挑戰

than using steam or electricity.

比使用蒸汽或電力。

Or really old carbon, also known as fossil fuel.

或者真正的老碳，也就是化石燃料。

But while commercially available solar cars

但是，雖然商業化的太陽能汽車

haven't yet made it onto our roadways,

還沒有進入我們的道路。

what seems like an impossible piece of technology

天方夜譚

is actually very much a reality.

其實是很現實的。

And these solar cars are capable of going faster

而且這些太陽能汽車能夠跑得更快

and further than you might think.

而且比你想象的還要遠。

What's more, the technology in today's solar vehicles

更重要的是，今天的太陽能汽車的技術。

could drive us all toward a cleaner, greener future.

可以推動我們所有人走向一個更清潔、更綠色的未來。

So in this episode, we take a look under the hood

所以在本期節目中，我們來看看引擎蓋下的情況。

of one of the world's fastest solar cars

世界上最快的太陽能汽車之一，其生產過程也是如此。

to better understand,

以更好地瞭解。

how does a solar car actually work?

太陽能汽車到底是如何工作的？

Like me, you've probably thought of solar cars

和我一樣，你可能已經想到了太陽能汽車。

as something out of science fiction.

如同科幻小說中的東西。

Like, a technology so futuristic and complex

就像，一個如此未來主義和複雜的技術。

that it feels like it can't actually exist in the real world.

這感覺就像它不可能真正存在於現實世界中一樣。

But going back to William Cobb's

但回到威廉-柯布的

38-centimeter model car from 1955,

1955年的38釐米模型車。

the Sunmobile,

的Sunmobile。

it seems like solar cars of the past

好像是過去的太陽能汽車

were pretty simple machines.

是相當簡單的機器。

This is today's solar car.

這就是今天的太陽能汽車。

Okay, it's a model solar car,

好吧，這是一輛太陽能汽車模型。

but it is fully functional.

但它功能齊全。

It's about 8cm long, just over three inches,

長約8釐米，剛過三寸。

so it's even smaller than that Sunmobile.

所以它比那輛太陽車還要小。

But it's got all the same major components.

但它的主要成分都是一樣的。

Here's the solar panel

這是太陽能電池板

that converts those photons into electricity.

將這些光子轉化為電能。

We actually covered that whole process in detail

其實整個過程我們都有詳細介紹

in a previous chapter, so check that out.

在前一章中，所以看看。

That electricity then travels here

這些電就會傳到這裡

to this small direct current motor,

對這種小型直流電機。

and that motor then converts electricity

然後，該電機將電能

into mechanical energy, which propels the car.

轉化為機械能，推動汽車的發展。

Check it out.

看看吧

Now, as long as the car's solar cells are exposed to sunlight,

現在，只要汽車的太陽能電池暴露在陽光下。

there's enough power to keep the wheels turning

動力十足

and the car moving.

和汽車移動。

But if that sunlight is cut off...

但如果陽光被切斷... ...

then the car becomes a paperweight.

那麼車就成了鎮紙。

Now, this basic demonstration,

現在，這個基本示範。

and yes, it is a very basic demonstration,

是的，這是一個非常基本的示範。

it shows how solar cars of the past worked.

它顯示了過去的太陽能汽車是如何工作的。

If there were sunlight, they could go.

如果有陽光，他們可以去。

No sunlight, no go.

沒有陽光，不走。

So you can see why solar cars of the past

所以，你可以看到為什麼過去的太陽能汽車。

have not been considered a viable option.

尚未被認為是一個可行的選擇。

Luckily, today's solar cars are a bit more sophisticated.

幸運的是，如今的太陽能汽車已經比較成熟了。

Okay, a lot more sophisticated.

好吧，更復雜。

The solar racers competing in the world Solar Challenge, for example,

例如，參加世界太陽能挑戰賽的太陽能賽車手。

don't just use the latest in photovoltaic technology,

不要只用最新的光伏技術。

they've also adopted innovations

他們還採用了創新

in design, engineering and battery technology.

在設計、工程和電池技術方面。

To get a closer look under the hood

仔細觀察引擎蓋下的情況

of one of these solar racers,

這些太陽能賽車的一個。

I got to connect with a few members

我和一些成員建立了聯繫

of the racing team from Stanford University.

斯坦福大學賽車隊的。

My name is Cori Brendel. I was the team lead

我叫Cori Brendel我是團隊負責人

for the 2019 Stanford Solar Car Project cycle.

為2019年斯坦福太陽能汽車項目週期。

My name is Cameron Haynesworth.

我叫Cameron Haynesworth

I'm a junior at Stanford University.

我是斯坦福大學的大三學生。

Hi, I'm Julia Gordon.

嗨，我是茱莉亞-戈登

I started out on the aerodynamics team,

我從空氣動力學小組開始。

and throughout the race preparation time,

並在整個比賽準備時間內。

I ended up in a kind of jack-of-all-trades role.

我最後成了一種萬事通的角色。

Julia was actually behind the wheel for the 2019 race,

茱莉亞其實是2019年比賽的幕後推手。

which, unfortunately, didn't go so well for the Stanford team.

其中，不幸的是，斯坦福大學隊並沒有那麼順利。

I think, like, right as we got outside the city,

我想，就像，當我們到了城外。

I remember I started smelling smoke.

我記得我開始聞到煙味。

I smell a not good smell.

我聞到了一股不好的味道。

I remember watching as they pulled the panel off,

我記得我看著他們把面板拉下來。

just flames come out of the car.

只是火焰出來的車。

MAREN: Although the Stanford team

雖然斯坦福大學隊

had a disappointing performance in 2019,

在2019年有令人失望的表現。

the team felt that it was overall

團隊認為，它總體上

an overwhelmingly positive experience.

絕佳的體驗。

So we always go in with wanting to win.

所以我們總是帶著想贏的心情去的。

But I think one of the big principles underlying the team

但我認為，團隊的一個重要原則就是

is just pushing the envelope

只是推波助瀾

for what we can do with engineering and technology.

為我們能用工程和技術做什麼。

So being able to work on a team

所以能夠在團隊中工作

that has so many different expertises

博採眾長

working toward one common goal is great,

朝著一個共同的目標努力是偉大的。

because you just get exposed to so many really new

因為你剛剛接觸到這麼多真正的新的

and kind of novel engineering concepts.

和種新穎的工程概念。

This drive to innovate pushed the Stanford team

這種創新的動力推動了斯坦福大學的團隊

to make a pivotal change in their race car's design.

來對其賽車的設計進行關鍵性的改變。

The project has been around for 30 years now.

該項目至今已有30年的歷史。

This was our 14th vehicle that we've built.

這是我們製造的第14輛車。

We've always done like a multi-fairing car.

我們一直做的像多發車。

Usually that's a catamaran,

通常那是一艘雙體船。

which is your traditional two-fairing vehicle.

這是你傳統的雙發車。

CAMERON: Yeah, Black Mamba was definitely a new car.

卡梅隆：是的，黑曼巴絕對是一輛新車。

We went to Black Mamba, which is a bullet car design,

我們去了黑曼巴，這是一個子彈車的設計。

which means all of the wheels are in one fairing.

這意味著所有的輪子都在一個整流罩裡。

Um, I'm not an aerodynamics expert,

嗯，我不是一個空氣動力學專家。

but single fairing is better for aero

但單層整流罩更有利於空氣動力學

because you are eliminating extra edges on your car.

因為你正在消除你的車的額外邊緣。

CAMERON: The trade-off to that is,

卡梅隆：這樣做的代價是。

as you move your wheels closer together,

當你把輪子靠得更近時。

it's a lot easier to tip your car.

這是很容易小費你的車。

And the other problem is with the array size.

而另一個問題是數組大小的問題。

CORI: To get a really small car,

科裡：要買一輛真正的小車。

we went with gallium-arsenide cells

我們用的是砷化鎵電池。

'cause when you use more efficient cells,

因為當你使用更高效的電池時，

you can reduce the size of your car.

你可以減少你的車的尺寸。

CAMERON: We put the driver on the right side of the car,

我們把司機放在車的右邊。

so it was asymmetric, which had some advantages with the aerodynamics

所以它是不對稱的，這與空氣動力學有一定的優勢。

as well as the shading of the sun on our solar panels,

以及太陽對我們太陽能電池板的遮擋。

so that the driver didn't shade the solar panels.

以免司機遮擋太陽能板。

And it was also the first asymmetrical bullet car in WSC.

而且這也是WSC第一輛不對稱的子彈車。

All the other bullet cars in WSC were center driver.

WSC的其他子彈車都是中置司機。

JULIA: It felt like this one radical change

感覺就像這一次徹底的改變一樣。

just kind of spurred off more ambition and more drive

只是一種鞭策更多的野心和更多的動力。

to see how far we can really push Black Mamba.

看看我們到底能把黑曼巴推多遠。

Another major upgrade to the Stanford solar racer...

斯坦福太陽能賽車又有重大升級... ...

gallium-arsenide solar panels.

砷化鎵太陽能電池板；

CAMERON: In the past we had done a silicon array.

卡梅隆：過去我們曾做過硅陣列。

Gallium-arsenide is a new development in solar panel technology

砷化鎵是太陽能電池板技術的新發展。

that allows for higher efficiencies in solar panels.

使得太陽能電池板的效率更高。

We talked about gallium-arsenide technology

我們談到了鎵砷化物技術。

in our previous chapter on solar panels.

在我們上一章的太陽能電池板中。

So, go learn all about that here.

所以，在這裡去了解一下吧。

CORI: The size of the gallium-arsenide array

CORI：鎵-砷化物陣列的大小。

was 3.56 square meters.

是3.56平方米。

And to cover that size array, you need about 100 grand.

而要覆蓋這個規模的陣列，你需要大約10萬塊錢。

Now, to keep things competitive, the World Solar Challenge

現在，為了保持競爭力，世界太陽能挑戰賽。

did limit the size of gallium-arsenide arrays for each team,

確實限制了每個團隊的鎵砷化物陣列的大小。

so that teams without the resources,

以便沒有資源的團隊。

meaning money, to access this technology,

意為金錢，以獲得這項技術。

could still compete in the race fairly.

仍然可以公平地參加比賽。

So then, gallium-arsenide was a whole new technology

所以那時，砷化鎵是一種全新的技術。

with different current and voltage specifications,

具有不同的電流和電壓規格。

so then that changes the entire electrical system,

所以，那就改變了整個電力系統。

because when you're operating with different current,

因為當你在不同的電流下工作時。

you have to change things down there, too.

你也要改變下面的事情。

On the battery side,

在電池方面。

it's a whole new form-factor that you have to fit in the car.

這是一個全新的外形設計，你必須裝在車上。

For balance reasons, you'd want the battery across from your driver,

為了平衡起見，你要把電池放在司機對面。

so that your driver and battery can balance each other out,

以便你的驅動器和電池能夠相互平衡。

so battery had a whole new form factor.

所以電池有了全新的外形。

MAREN: The battery is one of the key upgrades

MAREN：電池是關鍵升級之一。

to today's solar cars.

到今天的太陽能汽車。

Whereas solar cars of the past

而過去的太陽能汽車

sent electricity generated by their solar panels

將其太陽能電池板產生的電力送往

directly to the motor,

直接連接到電機上。

modern solar cars, like Stanford's Black Mamba,

現代太陽能汽車，比如斯坦福的黑曼巴。

use photovoltaic technology

利用光電技術

to charge the lithium-ion batteries

為鋰離子電池充電

that then power the vehicle.

然後為車輛提供動力。

So the basic gist is that

所以，基本的要點是

you've got your solar array, battery and motors.

你已經得到了你的太陽能陣列，電池和電機。

Then those are all connected

那麼這些都是相通的

by the internal circuitry of the car.

由汽車內部的電路。

So as the solar array generates power,

所以，隨著太陽能電池陣的發電。

that goes into a battery pack, which starts recharging,

進入電池組，開始充電。

and the solar ray also connects out to the motors.

和太陽光也連接出電機。

MAREN: This allows these solar cars to run

這使得這些太陽能汽車能夠運行。

even when there's no direct sunlight available.

即使在沒有陽光直射的情況下。

CORI: There's times when you have more supply

科裡：有的時候，你有更多的供應。

than you have demand, or vice versa.

比你有需求，反之亦然。

So really, what you need is you need to have some kind of storage device

所以說真的，你需要的是你需要有某種存儲設備。

so you can store all that power.

所以你可以存儲所有的力量。

MAREN: Now, after all of these upgrades

現在，在所有這些升級之後... ...

and really a total reimagining of their solar racer,

並真正對他們的太陽能賽車進行了全面的改造。

the Stanford team's Black Mamba

黑曼巴

came into the 2019 World Solar Challenge

來到了2019年世界太陽能挑戰賽

at a sleek 180 kilograms.

在時尚的180公斤。

Its single fairing asymmetric bullet design

它的單整流罩不對稱子彈設計。

with a 3.56 square meter single junction

有一個3.56平方米的單結點

thin film gallium-arsenide solar array

砷化鎵薄膜太陽能電池組件

and 45 amp lithium-ion battery

和45安培鋰離子電池

pushed Mamba to a top speed

把曼巴推到了最高速度

of around 110 kilometers per hour.

時速110公里左右。

That is highway speed.

這就是高速路的速度。

Unfortunately, Black Mamba didn't hit top speed in Australia,

可惜的是，黑曼巴在澳洲並沒有達到最高速度。

because as the Stanford team learned the hard way in 2019,

因為正如斯坦福大學隊在2019年的慘痛教訓。

having a good battery to motor connection

蓄電池與電機的連接良好

is absolutely critical.

是絕對關鍵的。

JULIA: We managed to get the battery out of the car

我們設法把電池從車裡拿出來了

before anything else really caught on fire.

在其他東西真正著火之前。

CAMERON: When lithium-ion batteries go,

CAMERON：當鋰離子電池走。

they go pretty violently.

他們走得很猛烈。

CORI: Lithium-ion technology

CORI：鋰離子技術

is definitely a dangerous technology.

絕對是一項危險的技術。

If you do have a short, you can get a battery fire

如果真的發生短路，可以讓電池起火。

because things will just propagate really, really quickly.

因為事情會傳播的非常非常快。

Which brings us to the next two chapters

這給我們帶來了接下來的兩章內容

of our Light Speed Learning Playlist,

我們光速學習播放列表的。

where we're gonna take a deep dive

在那裡，我們將採取深層潛水

into the wonderful world of batteries.

進入奇妙的電池世界。

First up. How do lithium-ion batteries work?

先說說鋰離子電池的工作原理是什麼？

Click the link to find out, or just let this playlist play.

點擊鏈接瞭解，或者直接讓這個播放列表播放。