Note that it's a solid base down here

請注意，這下面是一個堅實的基礎

and then a singular support piece,

然後是一個單一的支持件。

before finally, on top,

在最後，在上面。

we have this flat singular roof light piece.

我們有這個平坦的奇異屋頂燈片。

It's almost like a one-legged table up at the top.

它幾乎就像一張單腿的桌子，在頂部。

And now I'm gonna take this little Lego figure

現在我要把這個小樂高模型拿出來

and put him dangerously

並將其置於危險的

just underneath the overhang that is not supported.

就在不支持的懸空下面。

Now, how would you change this structure,

現在，你將如何改變這種結構。

assuming it was real so that I could put

假設它是真的，這樣我就可以把

a heavy masonry brick on top of this corner,

在這個角落的頂部有一塊沉重的磚石。

without this structure collapsing onto the figure?

而這一結構並沒有坍塌在人物身上？

Danger, danger!

危險，危險!

If you do it successfully, you'll earn $1.

如果你成功做到了，你就能賺到1美元。

Okay, rich!

好吧，有錢人！

But every extra piece you use costs you 10 cents.

但你每多用一塊，就得花10美分。

Now, many suggest putting support blocks here or here.

現在，許多人建議把支持塊放在這裡或這裡。

And I'll tell you why that's really interesting

我將告訴你為什麼這真的很有趣

in just a minute.

在短短的一分鐘內。

But first I want you to take a look at this puzzle.

但首先我想讓你看一下這個拼圖。

Your goal is to make it completely symmetrical,

你的目標是使其完全對稱。

both horizontally and vertically

橫平豎直

by switching any of the squares,

通過切換任何一個方塊。

while making as few changes as possible, as fast as you can.

同時儘可能少做改動，以最快的速度。

Let me show you a couple more and I want you to think

讓我再給你看幾個，我想讓你思考一下

of your decision as fast as possible.

儘可能快地將你的決定告訴我。

What would you do to make these symmetrical?

你會怎麼做才能使這些東西對稱呢？

Okay, one final question.

好的，最後一個問題。

What would you do personally to improve

你個人會怎麼做來改善

or make this mini golf course better

或使這個迷你高爾夫球場變得更好

without spending a ton of money?

不花一噸的錢？

What's really interesting about all these puzzles

所有這些謎題真正有趣的地方在於

is that when you ask people to do them,

是，當你要求人們做這些事情時。

the majority tend to add to the puzzles

大多數人傾向於增加謎題

in order to solve them.

以此來解決這些問題。

In the Lego example, people are most likely to add a block

在樂高的例子中，人們最有可能添加一個積木

here or here for extra support.

在這裡或這裡獲得額外的支持。

Around 59% of people choose to add something.

大約59%的人選擇添加東西。

And in the block puzzle, people tend to add green squares

而在積木拼圖中，人們往往會添加綠色的方塊

instead of taking them away.

而不是把它們帶走。

On the mini golf course, 79% of people choose to add to it

在迷你高爾夫球場上，79%的人選擇了加碼

as opposed to taking something away.

而不是把東西拿走。

But the truth is in a lot of these cases,

但事實是在很多這樣的情況下。

subtraction is just as valid of a solution

減法也是一種有效的解決方案

if not more efficient.

如果不是更有效率的話。

With our Lego model,

用我們的樂高模型。

by simply removing this single piece here--

通過簡單地移除這裡的這一塊 --

Ah!

啊!

The entire structure becomes supported

整個結構成為支撐

at no additional cost.

不需要額外費用。

And by taking away green blocks,

而通過奪取綠色區塊。

you can reach symmetry just as easily.

你可以很容易地達到對稱性。

This is actually a known phenomenon in humans.

這實際上是人類的一個已知現象。

We tend to find additive solutions to problems,

我們傾向於找到解決問題的加法辦法。

even when subtractive solutions are more advantageous.

即使是在減法解決方案更有利的情況下。

Now, of course, the title of this video,

現在，當然，這個視頻的標題。

depending on which one I chose,

取決於我選擇哪一個。

may have tipped you off and impacted your decision.

可能已經向你提供了線索，並影響了你的決定。

Regardless, studies have shown this pattern exists

不管怎麼說，研究表明這種模式是存在的

in the majority of humans.

在大多數人類中。

And it's not just math problems.

而且這不僅僅是數學問題。

Have you ever tried to declutter your home?

你是否曾經嘗試過整理你的家？

You know we all have this drawer where everything goes

你知道我們都有一個抽屜，所有的東西都放在那裡

that you don't know where it goes, no judgment.

你不知道它去了哪裡，沒有判斷。

Most people jump to buying more things

大多數人跳去買更多的東西

to help organize and manage the mess

以幫助組織和管理混亂的局面

instead of simply paring down

而不是簡單地縮減

or getting rid of things you don't need or use anymore.

或處理掉你不需要或不再使用的東西。

When university presidents ask for suggestions

當大學校長們徵求建議時

that would allow the university

這將使大學

to better serve its students and community,

以更好地服務於其學生和社區。

only 11% of responses involve removing

只有11%的答覆涉及到刪除

an existing regulation, practice or program.

一個現有的法規、做法或方案。

And this kind of problem solving is often the cause

而這種解決問題的方式往往是導致

of extra red tape and unnecessary positions

額外的繁文縟節和不必要的職位

being added to institutions,

被添加到機構中。

new rules being added instead of taken away,

新的規則被增加而不是被取消。

or in the case of your own work,

或在你自己的工作中。

more words being added to your essays

更多的字被添加到你的文章中

instead of editing it down.

而不是把它編輯下來。

People create New Year's to-do resolutions

人們創建了新年的待辦事項決議

instead of to-don't resolutions,

而不是要-不要的決議。

and even watch more YouTube educational videos

甚至觀看更多的YouTube教育視頻

instead of further distilling what they already know.

而不是進一步提煉他們已經知道的東西。

But I'm not complaining about that last one,

但我並不是在抱怨最後一個問題。

like, please keep watching our videos.

喜歡，請繼續觀看我們的視頻。

You can distill your knowledge at another time, okay?

你可以在其他時間提煉出你的知識，好嗎？

The most interesting part of these studies

這些研究中最有趣的部分

was that they realized it's not that we think

是他們意識到這不是我們認為的

subtractive solutions are not as valuable,

減法的解決方案沒有那麼有價值。

but there's actually a bias in the human mind

但實際上人的思想中存在著一種偏見

where we simply don't think of them as often.

在那裡，我們只是不經常想到他們。

In those exact same studies,

在這些完全相同的研究中。

when researchers more specifically prompt people

當研究人員更具體地提示人們

that they can add or subtract pieces,

他們可以添加或減去碎片。

the percentage of subtractive solutions increases,

減法解決方案的百分比增加。

meaning humans have a natural bias to ask,

意思是說，人類有一個自然的偏見，就是問。

"What can I add here?"

"我可以在這裡補充什麼？"

This is known as a heuristic,

這就是所謂的啟發式方法。

a mental shortcut that allows people to solve problems

解決問題的精神捷徑

and make judgements quickly and efficiently

並迅速有效地作出判斷

instead of having to mentally process every situation fully.

而不是在心理上充分處理每一種情況。

But that doesn't mean it's always right,

但這並不意味著它總是正確的。

or the best solution, it's just a quick one.

或最好的解決方案，這只是一個快速的解決方案。

And this mental shortcut can actually be overcome

而這種心理捷徑實際上是可以克服的

with some extra cognitive effort.

在一些額外的認知努力下。

So why are we like this?

那麼，為什麼我們會這樣呢？

One theory suggests that subtractive solutions

一種理論認為，減法解決

may just be less appreciated.

可能只是不太受重視。

You might get less credit for them,

你可能會因為它們而得到更少的信用。

you might feel less creative,

你可能會感到創造力不足。

and you may face social or political implications

而且你可能面臨社會或政治影響

if all you're doing is rolling back

如果你所做的只是回滾

somebody else's decisions.

別人的決定。

That's kinda like criticizing a solution

這有點像在責備一個解決方案

without making your own.

不做自己的。

Not to mention the brain may assume the other pieces

更不用說大腦可能會認為其他碎片

or things are there for a reason.

或事物的存在是有原因的。

Say you're coding, I literally don't understand coding

說你在編碼，我真的不懂編碼

so please bear with my fantasy version.

所以請忍受我的幻想版本。

You don't wanna delete some segment of code

你不想刪除一些代碼段

that you inherited,

你所繼承的。

not knowing what ungodly errors might pop up.

不知道會冒出什麼不道德的錯誤。

So working in an additive form may feel less risky.

是以，以加法形式工作可能感覺風險較小。

Finally, there's something called the sunk-cost bias,

最後，還有一種叫做 "沉沒成本偏差 "的東西。

where you're more likely to continue something

在那裡你更有可能繼續做一些事情

you've invested money or time into,

你已經投入了金錢或時間。

regardless of signs that you should stop.

不管有什麼跡象表明你應該停下來。

What's even more interesting is that in these studies,

更有趣的是，在這些研究中。

the number of people using additive solutions

使用添加劑解決方案的人的數量

increased when they were under cognitive load.

當他們處於認知負荷下時，他們會增加。

So if they were doing the block puzzle and they were told

是以，如果他們在做積木拼圖時，被告知

that they had to turn their head clockwise

他們必須順時針轉動他們的頭

the entire time they were doing it,

他們在做這件事的整個過程中都是如此。

more people would use additive solutions.

更多的人將使用添加劑解決方案。

Why am I randomly outside, you may ask,

你可能會問，為什麼我隨意在外面。

it's 'cause I thought adding

這是因為我想加入

more dynamic to the video would make it better.

讓視頻更有活力會讓它更好。

Yes, I'm a hypocrite.

是的，我是個偽君子。

This entire bias has changed my mindset so much

這整個偏見使我的心態發生了很大的變化

and I cannot stop thinking about it.

而且我無法停止思考它。

The amount of time I have spent adding extra meetings,

我花了多少時間來增加額外的會議。

extra emails, putting more in a script

額外的電子郵件，在腳本中放更多的內容

instead of refining it,

而不是提煉它。

and even in my personal life,

甚至在我的個人生活中也是如此。

just adding things all the time

添枝加葉

in order to solve things is wild.

為了解決事情是很瘋狂的。

And I definitely suggest you think of your own life.

而且我絕對建議你想想你自己的生活。

It may even be why culture

這甚至可能是文化的原因

has come up with popular phrases like "Less is more,"

提出了 "少即是多 "等流行語。

or people like Marie Kondo became so famous.

或者像Marie Kondo這樣的人變得如此出名。

We need these little reminders

我們需要這些小小的提醒

to combat our natural instincts to add things.

以對抗我們增加東西的自然本能。

And I mean, why spend more money

而我的意思是，為什麼要花更多的錢

and affect your financial situation,

並影響你的財務狀況。

when you could just be reminded to pause

當你可以被提醒暫停的時候

and evaluate whether a subtractive solution

並評估是否有一個減法的解決方案

might be equally or better suited to your problem?

可能同樣或更適合你的問題？

It also rings true for human consumption in general.

這對一般的人類消費來說也是如此。

We all know we have a sort of addiction to consumption.

我們都知道我們對消費有一種癮。

We're taught having more money,

我們被教導要有更多的錢。

more stuff, more status is good,

更多的東西，更多的地位是好的。

that the economy or corporations should grow indefinitely,

經濟或企業應該無限期地增長。

even at the cost of people and the environment.

甚至以人和環境為代價。

We're facing unprecedented climate effects

我們正面臨前所未有的氣候影響

from this consumption pattern already.

已經從這種消費模式中受益。

And while a lot of the additive solutions

而且，雖然很多添加劑的解決方案

are super exciting and necessary like solar and wind,

是超級令人興奮和必要的，如太陽能和風能。

there's a much bigger conversation around simply using less.

有一個更大的對話圍繞著簡單地減少使用。

All this to say that next time you're faced with a problem,

說了這麼多，就是想說，下次你遇到問題的時候。

just take a second and pause,

只需花點時間，暫停一下。

and remember that less is more,

並記住，少即是多。

or it's at least worth considering as a solution.

或至少值得考慮作為一種解決方案。

We actually chatted to one of the lead researchers

我們實際上與其中一位主要研究人員進行了交談

studying this phenomenon over on our podcast,

在我們的播客中研究這種現象。

channel on screen or link in the description,

螢幕上的頻道或描述中的鏈接。

where we go over even more strategies on the science of less

在這裡，我們將介紹更多關於少子化科學的策略。

from his book "Subtract," and how it can help your life.

從他的書 "減法"，以及它如何能幫助你的生活。

Now, if you need some help subtracting

現在，如果你需要一些幫助來減去

the excess from your life,

從你的生活中刪除多餘的東西。

and you wanna focus on the important things,

而你想專注於重要的事情。

then today's sponsor, Skillshare, is perfect for you.

那麼今天的贊助商Skillshare就非常適合你。

And they're offering the first 1,000 people

而且他們為前1000人提供了

who click the link in our description

誰點擊我們描述中的鏈接

a free trial of Skillshare premium membership.

一個免費的Skillshare高級會員試用。

They actually have an awesome class right now

實際上，他們現在有一個很棒的班級

called Productivity for Creatives,

稱為創意者的生產力。

Build a System that Brings Out Your Best by Thomas Frank,

建立一個能激發你的最佳狀態的系統》，作者托馬斯-弗蘭克。

which will guide you

這將指導你

through how to optimize your working styles

通過如何優化你的工作方式

through mindset, environment, and delegation.

通過心態、環境和授權。

I've also taken a ton of other courses from animation

我還從卡通片中學習了大量的其他課程

to Photoshop, to nature photography,

到Photoshop，到自然攝影。

and now even TikToK courses.

現在甚至還有TikToK課程。

I'm getting old, I need help on TikToK.

我老了，我在TikToK上需要幫助。

But honestly, there are just so many different options.

但說實話，有這麼多不同的選擇。

It's really an online community where you can learn

這確實是一個在線社區，你可以在那裡學習

something brand new from the comfort of your own home,

從你自己的家的舒適度，全新的東西。

and they're dedicated to the best user experience

而且他們致力於提供最佳的用戶體驗

so there's no ads

所以沒有廣告

and they're constantly launching new premium classes.

而且他們不斷推出新的高級艙位。

For the first 1,000 of you

對於你們中的前1000名

that click the link in our description,

即點擊我們描述中的鏈接。

you will get a free trial of premium membership.

你將得到一個免費的高級會員試用。

Every time you check out our sponsor or try them out,

每次你查看我們的贊助商或嘗試他們的時候。

it helps our show, so we appreciate it a lot.

它有助於我們的節目，所以我們非常感謝。

Make sure you like this video, subscribe,

請確保你喜歡這個視頻，訂閱。

and we will see you next time for some more science.

我們將在下一次會議上看到更多的科學。

Peace.

和平。