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Hi! Neil from BBC Learning English here.
嗨!我是BBC學習英語的Neil。
Did you know that we are now offering
你知道嗎,我們現在正在提供
a new weekly extra episode of 6
一個新的每週額外的6集
Minute English exclusively on our
在我們的網站上獨家提供一分鐘英語。
website? So go to
網站?是以,請到
bbclearninenglish.com to find your
bbclearninenglish.com來尋找你的
favourite presenters on
最受歡迎的主持人
your favourite programme.
你最喜歡的節目。
The extra episodes are only
額外的劇集只有
available on our website:
可在我們的網站上找到。
bbclearningenglish.com.
bbclearningenglish.com。
See you there!
在那裡見到你!
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from
你好。這裡是6分鐘英語,來自
BBC Learning English. I'm Neil.
BBC學習英語。我是尼爾。
And I'm Sam.
而我是山姆。
In English, there are many expressions
在英語中,有許多表達方式
which use an adjective to compare
其中用一個形容詞來比較
humans with animals. For example, you
人類與動物。例如,你
might say, She's as busy as a bee...
可能會說,她像蜜蜂一樣忙碌......
As hungry as a horse. But you probably
像馬一樣飢餓。但你可能
won't hear someone say
不會聽到有人說
'She's as clever as a chimpanzee'.
她像黑猩猩一樣聰明"。
... which is strange, because of all the
...這很奇怪,因為所有的
animals it's our close cousins,
動物是我們的近親。
chimpanzees, or chimps for short,
黑猩猩,或簡稱為黑猩猩。
who are most like us.
誰是最像我們的人。
Just like humans, chimps are highly
就像人類一樣,黑猩猩是高度
intelligent. They live in social groups
聰明。他們生活在社會群體中
and just like humans these
就像人類一樣,這些
groups have leaders.
團體有領導人。
Also, like humans, chimps have
此外,與人類一樣,黑猩猩也有
a desire for power. In fact,
對權力的渴望。事實上。
chimpanzees have their own politics
黑猩猩有自己的政治
which is surprisingly similar to
這一點與
human politics, as we'll be
人類政治,因為我們將
discovering in this programme.
在這個方案中發現。
Research shows that the reason
研究表明,之所以
chimpanzee behaviour so closely
黑猩猩的行為如此密切
resembles human politics is because
與人類政治相似,是因為
biologically we are almost identical.
在生物學上,我們幾乎是相同的。
Did you know that a chimp is more
你知道嗎,黑猩猩比
like a human than like a gorilla?
像人而不是像大猩猩?
So, Sam, my quiz question is this:
所以,山姆,我的測驗問題是這樣的。
biologically, how close are
在生物學上有多接近
chimpanzees to humans? Is it:
黑猩猩對人類的影響?是的。
a) 79 % ? b) 89 % ?, or c) 99 % ?
a) 79 % ? b) 89 % ? ,或 c) 99 % ?
Well, Neil, if chimps and humans
嗯,尼爾,如果黑猩猩和人類
are almost identical, I'll guess c) 99 %.
幾乎是相同的,我猜C)99%。
OK, Sam, we'll find out the correct
好的,山姆,我們會找出正確的
answer at the end of the programme.
在節目結束時回答。
In human societies of course, not
在人類社會中,當然不是
everyone gets to be a political leader.
每個人都可以成為政治領袖。
It's usually the most powerful or
它通常是最強大的或
ambitious person who
有野心的人
becomes president.
成為總統。
In chimpanzee society this is
在黑猩猩社會,這就是
called the alpha male - the most
被稱為首領男性--最
successful and powerful male
成功而強大的男性
who leads the group.
他上司這個小組。
Professor Frans de Waal is an
弗朗斯-德瓦爾教授是一位
expert on chimpanzee behaviour.
黑猩猩行為研究專家。
Here he is on BBC World Service
以下是他在BBC世界頻道的講話
programme, The Why Factor, telling
節目,"為什麼因素",講述
presenter, James Tilley, about one
主持人詹姆斯-蒂爾利,關於一個
example of chimp behaviour which
黑猩猩行為的例子
closely mirrors human politics.
密切反映了人類的政治。
Older males who are over the hill
已過不惑之年的老年男性
and cannot be alpha males any more,
而不能再做首領男性。
they start grooming a certain young
他們開始培養某個年輕的
male who they think has a future,
他們認為有前途的男性。
and they may end up making that
而他們最終可能會使該
young male the alpha male with
年輕的雄性動物,即有能力的雄性動物
their help, meaning that they are
他們的幫助,意味著他們是
essential to the power of
的力量至關重要。
that young male...
那位年輕的男性...
They're the power behind the
他們是背後的力量
throne, really...
寶座,真的...
Yeah - these older males - and you
是的 - 這些年長的男性 - 和你
see that in human politics all the
看到在人類政治中所有
time, these older males who have
時間,這些年長的男性,他們有
a lot of influence still.
仍然有很大的影響力。
Professor de Waal calls chimps
德瓦爾教授稱黑猩猩為
who are too old to be alpha males,
他們太老了,無法成為阿爾法男性。
over the hill - a phrase describing
越過山頭--一個描述的短語
someone who is old and no
老人家
longer useful or attractive.
不再有用或有吸引力。
Older chimps try to control younger
年長的黑猩猩試圖控制年輕的黑猩猩
males in order to maintain their own
男性,以維持他們自己的
power and influence. In other words,
權力和影響。換句話說。
they are the power behind the
他們是背後的力量。
throne - an expression meaning
王位--一種表達方式,意思是
someone with no official power but
掌權者
who secretly controls
祕密控制的人
things in the background.
背景中的事物。
Another example of chimp
另一個黑猩猩的例子
politics is when several weaker
政治是當幾個較弱的
males gang up and overthrow a
男性拉幫結派,推翻了一個
stronger alpha male. By working
更強大的阿爾法男性。通過工作
together weaker chimps can
一起較弱的黑猩猩可以
increase their power and the
增加他們的權力和
benefits, like food,
福利,如食物。
which power brings.
權力帶來的。
According to Simon Hicks, professor
據西蒙-希克斯教授說
of political science at the London
倫敦大學政治學教授
School of Economics, human
經濟學院,人類
alliances work in exactly the same way.
聯盟的工作方式完全相同。
Here is Professor Hicks speaking
以下是希克斯教授的講話
with BBC World Service
與BBC世界頻道合作
programme, The Why Factor:
節目,"為什麼因素"。
So, for example if you imagine three
是以,舉例來說,如果你想象三個
parties in a parliament, one big one
議會中的政黨,一個大的
and two small ones, you might think
和兩個小的,你可能認為
that naturally the most likely coalition
那自然是最有可能的聯盟了
is the big party with either one
是與任何一個人的大聚會
of the two small ones, whereas,
的兩個小的,而。
in fact, minimum winning coalition
事實上,最低限度的勝利聯盟
prediction would suggest the two
預測將表明,這兩個
smaller ones should get together,
較小的人應該聚在一起。
if together they can reach more
如果他們一起能夠達到更多
than 50 percent of the seats,
超過50%的席位。
because they can divide up the
因為他們可以分出
spoils between the two of them.
他們兩人之間的戰利品。
Whereas, if either one of them form
鑑於此,如果他們中的任何一個人形成
a coalition with a big party, the big
與一個大黨聯合,大
party would dominate, and they
黨將佔主導地位,而他們
wouldn't get many of the
就不會得到很多的
spoils for themselves.
為自己的戰利品。
Professor Hicks recommends
希克斯教授建議
that smaller political parties get
規模較小的政黨得到
together - join together in a group
一起------一起加入到一個團體中
to combine their power.
來結合他們的力量。
These smaller parties could form
這些小黨派可以形成
a coalition - a collection of different
聯盟------不同的人的集合
political groups who unite for a
團結一致的政治團體
limited time to form a government.
在有限的時間內組建政府。
In human politics making coalitions
在人類政治中建立聯盟
improves your chances of
提高你的機會
winning an election.
贏得選舉。
And in chimpanzee politics coalitions
而在黑猩猩的政治聯盟中
are a good way for young male
是年輕男性的一個好方法
chimps to defeat the alpha male
黑猩猩要打敗阿爾法公爵
and divide up the spoils between
並將戰利品分給
themselves. Here, the word spoils
他們自己。在這裡,這個詞破壞了
means the benefits obtained by
是指通過以下方式獲得的利益
winning a war or being in
贏得一場戰爭或在
a strong position.
一個強有力的立場。
For ambitious alpha chimps the
對於雄心勃勃的阿爾法黑猩猩來說
spoils might include getting first
獎品可能包括獲得第一
choice of food and female partners.
選擇食物和女性夥伴。
While for human politicians power
而對於人類的政治家來說,權力
can bring wealth and fame as well.
也能帶來財富和名聲。
And there's something else alpha
還有其他的東西 阿爾法
chimpanzees and human politicians
黑猩猩和人類政治家
have in common - they like to show
有一個共同點--他們喜歡展示
their softer side by kissing babies!
他們通過親吻嬰兒而表現出柔軟的一面!
It looks like chimps and humans
它看起來像黑猩猩和人類
share many similar behaviours after all -
畢竟有許多類似的行為 --
which reminds me of your
這讓我想起了你的
quiz question, Neil.
測驗問題,尼爾。
Yes, in my quiz question I asked Sam
是的,在我的測驗問題中,我問了山姆
how similar we are to chimps.
我們與黑猩猩是多麼相似。
What did you say, Sam?
你說什麼,山姆?
I said that, biologically speaking,
我說過,從生物學角度來說。
we're - c) 99 % the same.
我們--C)99%是一樣的。
Which is the correct answer!
這就是正確的答案!
Well done, Sam - you're as
幹得好,山姆--你就像
clever as a chimp!
聰明如黑猩猩!
Ah, thanks, Neil! And you're
啊,謝謝,尼爾!而你是
definitely not over the hill! Let's
絕對不是雲霄飛車!讓我們
recap the vocabulary from today's
回顧今天的詞彙
programme about chimp politics,
關於黑猩猩政治的節目。
starting with alpha male - the most
從男性首領開始--最
successful and powerful
成功和強大
male in any group.
任何群體中的男性。
Over the hill is used to describe
翻山越嶺是用來形容
someone who is old and no
老人家
longer useful or attractive.
不再有用或有吸引力。
Someone who is the power behind
某個人是背後的力量
the throne secretly controls things
王位暗地裡控制著一切
but has no official power.
但沒有官方權力。
Get together means join
聚會意味著加入
together as a group.
作為一個團體,我們在一起。
A coalition is when different
聯盟是指當不同的
political groups temporarily
暫時的政治團體
unite to form a government.
團結起來,組成一個政府。
And finally, the spoils are benefits
最後,戰利品是利益
or advantages gained by
或者通過以下方式獲得的優勢
winning a war.
贏得一場戰爭。
That's all for this programme.
本節目就到此為止。
Bye for now!
暫時再見
Goodbye!
再見!