There are so many of these rectangle things everywhere.

到處都有這麼多這種長方形的東西。

Every new building.

每個新的建築。

There, they're subtle. They're there.

在那裡，它們是微妙的。它們就在那裡。

Right over there.

就在那裡。

They're everywhere.

他們無處不在。

There.

在那裡。

OK, this isn't a fancy apartment building, but look at this! Kohl's.

好吧，這不是一幢豪華的公寓樓，但看看這個！這是個很好的地方。Kohl's。

Look at all those.

看看所有這些。

If you're living in an apartment anywhere from Minneapolis to Massachusetts

如果你住在從明尼阿波利斯到馬薩諸塞州的任何地方的公寓裡

you'll see a pattern of rectangles on the facade just like this.

你會看到外牆上有一個長方形的圖案，就像這樣。

Buildings used to look like this.

建築物過去是這樣的。

Now they look like this.

現在它們看起來像這樣。

But all these rectangles and textures are surface evidence

但所有這些矩形和紋理都是表面證據

of a hidden system that's changed buildings.

的一個隱藏系統，改變了建築物。

Whether it's a big public development, like a library or private development

無論是大型公共開發項目，如圖書館或私人開發項目

like apartment building

像公寓樓

you can find panels that compose the facade.

你可以找到構成外牆的面板。

I'm Matt Hogan, and I'm a project architect with Walter Parks Architects.

我是馬特-霍根，我是沃爾特-帕克斯建築事務所的一名項目建築師。

And I'm Walter Parks, and I work at Walter Parks Architects with Matt.

我是沃爾特-帕克斯，我和馬特在沃爾特-帕克斯建築事務所工作。

So this building is in an old and historic district, and so it has to fit in with the

是以，這個建築是在一個古老的歷史區，所以它必須適合於

historic nature of the other buildings.

其他建築的歷史性。

And if you look at that building and you look at the building behind you, there's a band

如果你看一下那座建築，再看一下你身後的建築，有一個樂隊

the building behind you, at the top of every window.

你身後的建築，在每個窗戶的頂部。

And we have a band at the top of every window.

而且我們在每個窗口的頂部都有一個帶子。

The running bond pattern mimics the bricks.

貫穿的結合模式模仿了磚塊。

We're developing a palette of exterior materials that complement one another, but also hopefully

我們正在開發一種外部材料的調色板，它們相互補充，但也希望

relate in some way to the neighborhood that the building is in.

在某種程度上與建築所在的社區有關。

My name is Andrea Quilici, and I am a senior associate at Quinn Evans Architects

我的名字是Andrea Quilici，我是Quinn Evans建築事務所的一名高級助理。

and I'm a designer.

而我是一個設計師。

I mostly work on libraries.

我主要是在圖書館工作。

There are three projects that we design at Quinn Evans.

我們在昆恩-埃文斯設計的項目有三個。

So Libbie Mill is located right at the center of a new development.

是以，利比磨坊位於新開發項目的正中心。

We terracotta, we use high performance concrete panels

我們陶器，我們使用高性能的混凝土面板

so that looks like concrete.

所以這看起來像混凝土。

Varina is a very pastoral.

瓦里納是一個非常田園的地方。

It's open, it's next to a beautiful creek that it's preserved.

它是開放的，旁邊有一條美麗的小溪，它被保留了下來。

And then we get to Fairfield this is much more suburban.

然後我們到了費爾菲爾德，這是更多的郊區。

We want selected material that in some way resonate with this community.

我們希望所選的材料在某種程度上能與這個社區產生共鳴。

We want to have a material durable, and we use the slate

我們希望有一個耐用的材料，我們使用石板

because it's a material that everybody knows.

因為這是一個人人都知道的材料。

The visual choices are different, but these panels all serve a similar technical purpose.

視覺上的選擇是不同的，但這些面板都有類似的技術目的。

And they're all only available now because of the evolution of building design

而這些都是現在才有的，因為建築設計的發展。

during the 20th century.

在20世紀期間。

A number of trends have driven us towards actually building car dealership

一些趨勢促使我們實際建立汽車經銷商

and high rise apartment buildings in the same way that we built houses in 1920.

和高層公寓樓，就像我們在1920年建造房屋一樣。

My name is John Straub and I'm a professor of the University of Waterloo in both the

我的名字是約翰-斯特勞布，我是滑鐵盧大學的教授。

Department of Civil Engineering and the School of Architecture.

土木工程系和建築學院。

A lot of serious houses that were meant to be permanent before 1900 would have been built

在1900年之前，很多嚴肅的房屋都是為了永久性的，這些房屋都會被建造出來

out of masonry, out of brick on brick.

從磚石中出來，從磚頭上的磚頭中出來。

They would have had plaster as an interior finish.

他們本來有石膏作為內部裝飾。

Brick is great like a big sponge, but it's super heavy

磚頭像一塊大海綿一樣很棒，但它超級重。

and requires the expense of a mason.

並需要花費泥瓦匠的費用。

Those 1920 houses represented a different approach by using shingles

那些1920年的房子代表了一種不同的方法，使用了瓦片

that protected the house from water

保護房子不受水的影響

but weren't necessary to hold it up.

但是沒有必要把它撐起來。

By the time we got to the Second World War, even serious houses

當我們進入第二次世界大戰時，即使是嚴肅的房屋

the houses for the town physician or mayor

鎮醫或鎮長的房子

were now being built out of wood framing lightweight systems.

現在正在用木製框架的輕質系統建造。

If I were to go and say, how did we build a local school or community center in 1930

如果我去說，我們在1930年是如何建立一個當地的學校或社區中心的

or even 1960, the answer would have been masonry.

甚至是1960年，答案會是磚石結構。

But at the same time, even big projects were slowly shifting

但與此同時，即使是大項目也在慢慢轉變

to lighter, more flexible systems.

到更輕、更靈活的系統。

And as we got into the energy crisis, we even started to care about their energy efficiency

而隨著我們進入能源危機，我們甚至開始關心他們的能源效率

of how much it would cost to heat and cool them.

暖氣和空調的成本是多少。

I'm the associate director of the Pennsylvania Housing Research Center.

我是賓夕法尼亞住房研究中心的副主任。

We are a part of Penn State University in the Civil Environmental Engineering Department.

我們是賓夕法尼亞州立大學民用環境工程系的一部分。

Our core vision is rooted in Pennsylvania.

我們的核心願景紮根於賓夕法尼亞州。

It's to help that industry build better homes by making our buildings more energy efficient.

這是為了幫助該行業通過使我們的建築更加節能來建造更好的家園。

There was a bit of a lag in how we controlled moisture.

在我們如何控制水分方面有一點滯後。

That is where the panels come in.

這就是面板的作用。

They're part of a system called rainscreen cladding.

它們是一種叫做 "雨幕覆蓋 "的系統的一部分。

It takes these high-tech insulated houses

這需要這些高科技的絕緣房屋

and adds an air gap between them and a rainscreen.

並在它們和雨幕之間增加一個空氣間隙。

Often, the fiber cement panels that are so recognizable, but other textures too.

通常情況下，纖維水泥板是非常容易識別的，但也有其他紋理。

It doesn't support the whole structure.

它並不支持整個結構。

That's what the frame is for.

這就是框架的作用。

Imagine hanging a picture a half inch out from the wall.

想象一下，把一張照片掛在離牆半英寸的地方。

Panels are simply hung on a track system.

板材被簡單地掛在一個軌道系統上。

As this installation video from one popular manufacturer, Nichiha, shows.

正如這個來自一個受歡迎的製造商Nichiha的安裝視頻所顯示的那樣。

That rainscreen keeps a lot of water out, and what water does get through

擋雨板將大量的水擋在外面，而通過的水則是

has time and space to dry in the gap.

有時間和空間在間隙中乾燥。

Instead of getting in the structure and rotting it just like those New England shingles did,

而不是像那些新英格蘭的瓦片那樣，進入結構並使其腐爛。

rainscreen cladding keeps water out.

雨幕覆蓋層將水擋在外面。

But does it also use airflow to create a more environmentally efficient enclosure?

但它是否也利用氣流來創造一個更環保的外殼？

Creating the airflow to make it more efficient is its it's like vast—

創造氣流以使其更有效是其它就像廣大的------。

like it's literally nothing.

就像真的沒什麼。

It's a bee fart in a windstorm.

這是暴風雨中的蜜蜂放屁。

But I would say that there's a couple of factors

但我想說，有幾個因素

where depending on how you look at the environment

在那裡，取決於你如何看待環境

When I said that there's this trend to make, to use lighter weight less material

當我說有這種趨勢，要使用更輕的重量更少的材料

that is actually environmental.

這實際上是環境問題。

I mean, if you were to try and build the buildings that are needed in the next 30 years

我的意思是，如果你要嘗試建造未來30年所需的建築

around the world and make them out of as many tons of material as we built them in 1940

在世界各地，用與我們在1940年建造的一樣多的噸位的材料來製造它們。

the planet would just fall apart.

地球就會崩塌。

A rainscreen is nothing more than a concept, really.

雨幕只不過是一個概念而已，真的。

It's a system.

這是一個系統。

It's not any one product, it's not any one technique.

它不是任何一種產品，也不是任何一種技術。

It's an assembly and that can be applied to commercial buildings just as much as

它是一種裝配，可以適用於商業建築，就像

it can be applied to residential buildings.

它可以適用於住宅樓。

This technical adjustment and shifting thinking

這種技術調整和思維轉變

led to a big change in what the outside of a building could look like.

導致了建築物外部外觀的巨大變化。

I mean, there was a time where environmentally conscious building

我是說，曾經有一段時間，有環保意識的建築

was with sort of on the fringe.

是在邊緣地帶的排序。

And now I think because so many of these strategies have rain screens, for instance, have become

而現在，我認為因為這些策略中有這麼多的雨幕，比如說，已經成為了

more mainstream, they're seen as best practice.

更為主流，它們被視為最佳做法。

Our clients are mostly build and hold guys.

我們的客戶大多是建造和持有的人。

They're are long-term guys who want to hold that asset and don't want it falling apart.

他們是想持有該資產的長期人員，不希望它散架。

They're really worried about what it's going to be in 20 years.

他們真正擔心的是20年後的情況。

They've got a 25 year mortgage or a 30 year mortgage.

他們有25年的抵押貸款或30年的抵押貸款。

One of they key factors is, for example

其中一個關鍵因素是，例如

is construction time.

是施工時間。

What's interesting, for example, with this system is the fact that you can

例如，這個系統的有趣之處在於，你可以

enclose the building, dry in the building, independently from the facade.

將建築圍起來，在建築內乾燥，獨立於外牆。

So certainly availability of labor is a big one.

是以，勞動力的可用性肯定是一個大問題。

Cost is a big one as well.

成本也是一個很大的問題。

It has structural implications.

它具有結構性影響。

Also, when you look at designing the structure of the home, adding brick will change

另外，當你在設計房屋結構時，增加磚塊會改變

some of your details or require some additional additional structural design.

你的一些細節或需要一些額外的附加結構設計。

Easy to overcome, but any of those additional details they start to add up.

很容易克服，但任何這些額外的細節，他們開始加起來。

You see, if we think about the historic choices architects had in 1960, pick another date.

你看，如果我們想想建築師在1960年的歷史選擇，再選一個日期。

They didn't have a lot.

他們並沒有很多。

It was stucco or it was brick.

它是灰泥的，或者是磚的。

And then they had this sudden shock that they could do things like concrete.

然後他們有了這種突然的震驚，他們可以做像混凝土一樣的事情。

And they had, like all 4 choices.

而且他們有，像所有4個選擇。

They were like, their minds were just exploding about the possibilities.

他們就像，他們的思想只是爆炸性的關於可能性。

That obviously could have completely turned on its head today

這顯然可能在今天完全顛覆。

because somewhere from the 1960s to the 2020s

因為從1960年代到2020年代的某個地方

we've gone to having maybe 3 or 4 dominant cladding types for walls

我們的牆面可能有3或4種主要的覆層類型。

to having easy 40 or 50.

到有輕鬆的40或50。