And I’m Sam. Rob, I’m writing a letter to a friend in Spain  

and I need some help. Do you know the Spanish for, ‘it’s raining’?  

Don’t worry, I have this new app ... I just hold up my phone, scan the word 

I want translated, uh, 'esta lloviendo’,

is the Spanish for, ‘it’s raining’. Amazing! In this programme we’re discussing

language technologies – computers that can

translate between languages. Modern software like Google Translate  

has transformed how we learn foreign languages, bringing us closer to a world  

where language is no longer a barrier to communication.  

But how well do these computers know  what we really mean to say?  

Later we’ll find out exactly what machines can and can’t translate,  

and, as usual, we’ll be learning some new vocabulary as well.  

But first I have a question for you, Sam. The translation app I used just now is 

very recent, but there’s a

long history of computer mistranslations - times when computers got it badly wrong.  

In 1987, the American airline, Braniff, ran television adverts promoting  

the all-leather seats installed on their flights to Mexico.  

But how was its “fly in leather” advertising slogan mistranslated into Spanish?  

Did the advert say: a) fly in lava  

b) fly on a cow c) fly naked  

Hmm, I have a feeling it might be, c) fly naked.  

Ok, Sam. I’ll reveal the correct answer later in the programme.  

Computer software used to rely on rules-based translation,  

applying the grammar rules of one language to another.  

That worked fine for simple words and phrases but what happens when a translator  

comes across more complex language for example metaphors  

- expressions used to describe one thing by comparing it to another.  

Lane Greene is a language journalist and the author of the book,

Talk on the Wild Side. Here he explains to BBC

Radio 4 programme, Word of Mouth, how apps like Google Translate  

allow users to manually translate metaphors: If I say, ‘it’s raining cats and dogs’  

and it literally translates, ‘esta lloviendo perros y gatos’  

in Spanish, that won’t make any sense, but I think somebody at Google  

will have inputted the phrase, ‘lueve a cántaros’ which is the phrase,  

‘it’s raining pitchers’, or ‘it’s raining jugs of water’,  

so that the whole chunk, ‘raining cats and dogs’,  

is translated into the equivalent metaphor in Spanish.  

Lane wants to translate the phrase,  

it’s raining cats and dogs, something that people sometimes say  

when it’s raining heavily. It wouldn’t make sense to translate this  

phrase into another language literally, word by word. One solution is to translate  

the whole idiom as a chunk, or a large part of text or language.  

This works for phrases and idioms that people regularly use in the same way  

because they can be taught to a computer. But what happens when someone like a poet  

writes a completely new sentence which has never been written before?  

Lane Greene thinks that even the smartest software  

couldn’t deal with that, as he told Michael Rosen,  

poet and presenter of BBC Radio 4’s Word of Mouth:  

…if a poet writes a new one then the machine is not going to pick it up,  

and it’s going to have a struggle, isn’t it? Sorry, I’m sticking up for poetry here  

and trying to claim that it’s untranslatable – can you hear what I’m doing?  

I hear you, and in a war against the machines, our advantage is novelty and creativity.  

So you’re right that machines will be great at anything that is rote,  

anything that’s already been done a million times can be automated.  

So you and I with our pre-frontal cortexes can try to come up with phrases  

that’ll flummox the computer and so keep our jobs.  

When we say machines “learn” a language, we really mean they have been trained  

to identify patterns in millions and millions of translations.  

Computers can only learn by rote - by memory in order to repeat information  

rather than to properly understand it. This kind of rote learning  

can be easily automated - done by machines instead of humans.  

But it’s completely different from human learning requiring creative thinking  

which would flummox – or confuse, even the most sophisticated machine.  

Bad news for translation software, but good news for humans  

who use different languages in their jobs – like us!  

Yes, if only Braniff Airlines had relied on human translators,  

they might have avoided an embarrassing situation.  

Ah, in your question you asked how Braniff’s television advertisement  

“fly in leather” was translated into Spanish. I guessed it was mistranslated as “fly naked’.  

Which was… the correct answer! Braniff translated its "fly in leather" slogan  

as fly "en cuero," which sounds like

Spanish slang for "fly naked”. OK, let’s recap the vocabulary  

from this programme about language translations  

which are automated - done by machines instead of humans.  

Often found in poetry, a metaphor is a way of describing  

something by reference to something else. When it’s raining heavily  

you might use the idiom, it’s raining cats and dogs!  

A chunk is a large part of something. Rote learning involves memorising information  

which you repeat but don’t really understand. And finally, if someone is flummoxed,  

they’re so confused that they don’t know what to do!  

Once again our six minutes are up! Join us again soon for more trending topics  

and useful vocabulary here at 6 Minute English.  

Goodbye for now! Bye!