these are two sides of the same coin.

這是同一枚硬幣的兩面。

You see the color green,

你看到的是綠色。

there's something happening in your brain

你的大腦中發生了一些事情

that's coding that experience of the color green.

那是對綠色的經驗進行編碼。

So, with psychedelics,

所以，用迷幻藥。

the biggest divide is whether we're talking about

最大的分歧是我們是否在談論

on the psychological side or the biological side.

在心理學方面或生物學方面。

Does it work by hitting these brain receptors

它是否通過打擊這些大腦受體而發揮作用？

and then having other effects?

然後有其他影響？

Or does it work because of the experience?

還是因為有了經驗才會成功？

Clearly, there's this very real biological effect.

很明顯，有這種非常真實的生物效應。

Something dramatic happens to the brain

大腦發生了一些戲劇性的變化

when you put the psychedelic in the system,

當你把迷幻藥放入系統中時。

but then someone has this experience,

但後來有人有了這樣的經歷。

and when they change their life because of that,

以及當他們是以而改變他們的生活。

that ends up sounding more like

最後聽起來更像是

they went through a really good course of psychotherapy.

他們經歷了一個非常好的心理治療過程。

So, psychedelics are really interesting

所以，迷幻藥真的很有趣

at that bridge between the biological and the psychological.

在生物學和心理學之間的橋樑。

What 'psychedelic' means from its linguistic roots

從語言學的根源看 "迷幻 "的含義

is "mind manifesting."

是 "心靈的表現"。

The idea that these are mind manifesting-

that's consistent with this other notion

這與另一個概念是一致的

that these are non-specific amplifiers.

這些是非特異性的放大器。

In other words,

換句話說。

you could have a euphoric experience.

你可以有一個欣喜的體驗。

You could have a hellish experience.

你可能會有一個地獄般的經歷。

Also, terminology is so difficult in this area.

另外，在這個領域，術語是如此困難。

Psychedelic can be used to refer

迷幻劑可以用來指代

to what are called the "classic psychedelic compounds":

到所謂的 "經典迷幻化合物"。

psilocybin, which is in magic mushrooms,

迷迭香，它存在於神奇的蘑菇中。

LSD,

LSD。

DMT, which is in ayahuasca,

DMT，它在死藤水中。

mescaline, which is in peyote.

麥司卡林，它存在於佩奧特。

Those are the classic psychedelics.

這些是經典的迷幻藥。

They affect a particular type of serotonin receptor

它們影響一種特定類型的5-羥色胺受體

and that's their primary mechanism of action.

而這是它們的主要作用機制。

But then you have other drugs

但隨後你還有其他藥物

that I think it's appropriate to call them psychedelic;

我認為稱他們為迷幻的人是合適的。

other scientists will disagree.

其他科學家會有不同意見。

So for example, MDMA will work by releasing serotonin.

是以，例如，MDMA將通過釋放5-羥色胺而發揮作用。

So, that's a different mechanism.

是以，這是一個不同的機制。

And you have other drugs such as ketamine and PCP.

而且你還有其他藥物，如氯胺酮和五氯苯酚。

So, that affects the glutamate system

是以，這影響了穀氨酸系統

in the brain primarily rather than the serotonin system.

主要在大腦中，而不是在5-羥色胺系統中。

So, what does psychedelic mean then

那麼，迷幻是什麼意思呢？

if it refers to multiple pharmacological classes of drugs

如果是指多種藥理類別的藥物

that work in different ways?

以不同的方式工作？

And the answer for me is that these are all drugs

而我的答案是，這些都是毒品

that can have a profound effect on one's sense of reality,

這可以對一個人的現實感產生深遠的影響。

including one's sense of self.

包括一個人的自我意識。

The huge question that's always thrown out is:

總是被拋出的巨大問題是。

'How do these psychedelics work?'

'這些迷幻藥是如何工作的？

And you can just come at that from so many different angles.

你可以從許多不同的角度來看待這個問題。

Now to go down that biological path,

現在要走的是那條生物道路。

what's happening?

發生了什麼事？

There's a lot going on.

有很多事情發生。

For example, psilocybin,

例如，迷迭香。

which people may know is the active agent

人們可能知道它是活性物質

in so-called "magic mushrooms."

在所謂的 "神奇的蘑菇"。

Once it's circulating through your blood,

一旦它在你的血液中循環。

after you've eaten some of it,

在你吃了一些之後。

it actually converts to a related compound called psilocin,

它實際上會轉化為一種相關的化合物，稱為西洛因。

which is the thing that's actually hitting

這是在實際打擊中的事情

the brain receptors.

大腦受體。

And it activates a subtype of serotonin receptor.

而且它能激活5-羥色胺受體的一個亞型。

So, we have lots

是以，我們有很多

of different types of serotonin receptors in our brain.

我們大腦中不同類型的5-羥色胺受體。

One is called the 'serotonin 2A' receptor,

其中一個被稱為 "5-羥色胺2A "受體。

and psilocybin and the other classic psychedelics,

和迷幻藥以及其他經典的迷幻藥。

can latch onto that

可以抓住這一點

the same way that our serotonin latches

與我們的血清素鎖住的方式相同

onto these brain receptors.

在這些大腦受體上。

So, psilocybin affects serotonin,

所以，迷幻藥會影響血清素。

but then serotonin affects the glutamate system.

但隨後5-羥色胺影響穀氨酸系統。

And then at another level,

然後在另一個層面。

you have this massive increase in communication,

你有這種大量增加的溝通。

across these different silos in the brain.

跨越大腦中這些不同的筒倉。

That is probably an important level of analysis

這可能是一個重要的分析層次

that is underlying at the psychological level:

這是在心理層面上的基礎。

patients who have claims of insight viewing themselves

聲稱對自己有洞察力的病人

from a radically different perspective,

從一個完全不同的角度來看。

from a different lens,

從不同的角度看。

and based on animal research,

並以動物研究為基礎。

there also seems like there may be

似乎也有可能存在著

increased 'neuroplasticity'

增加 "神經可塑性

in the system so that in the days following

在系統中，以便在隨後的日子裡

the psychedelic experience,

迷幻的體驗。

people are more primed to learn new things.

人們更願意學習新事物。

There's a greater ability to establish a new

有更大的能力來建立一個新的

and more optimal normal state.

和更理想的正常狀態。

So, there's seemed

是以，似乎有

to really be something important about

真正重要的事情是關於

'the nature of the experience'

'經驗的性質'

that people have during these sessions.

人們在這些會議期間有。

It's not just about hitting a certain type

這不僅僅是要打出某種類型的

of serotonin receptor in the brain.

的5-羥色胺受體在大腦中。

There's something about the psychology

有一些關於心理學的東西

of the experience that unfolds

展開的經驗中

during that session that tends to be important-

在該會議期間，往往是重要的 --

which is in some sense

這在某種意義上是

what makes the psilocybin treatments,

是什麼讓迷幻藥的治療。

a bit more like psychotherapy

有點像心理治療

than traditional psychiatric medications

比傳統的精神藥物更有效

where you just take the pill and you forget it.

你只需服用藥片就可以忘記它。

There's some interacting reasons

有一些互動的原因

why the psychedelic renaissance is happening now.

為什麼迷幻文藝復興現在正在發生。

Our society has been in a mental health crisis,

我們的社會一直處於心理健康危機之中。

and it's been stagnating.

而且一直在停滯不前。

Pharmaceutical companies don't make the investments

製藥公司不做投資

in new mental healthcare treatments,

在新的精神保健治療中。

like they did decades ago.

就像他們幾十年前那樣。

I mean, the best medical treatments

我的意思是，最好的醫療手段

that we have for many addictions,

我們對許多成癮的人都有這樣的想法。

are substitution treatments,

是替代性處理。

also known as 'agonist treatments.'

也被稱為'激動劑治療'。

And I think these are good,

而且我認為這些都很好。

but when you don't see success,

但當你沒有看到成功。

I would say it's probably 'cause they fail

我想說這可能是由於他們失敗了

to get to the roots of these mental disorders,

以找到這些精神障礙的根源。

including addiction.

包括成癮。

That's why I think psychedelics have been so successful.

這就是我認為迷幻藥如此成功的原因。

Nothing is gonna be a miracle cure for everyone-

沒有什麼能成為治療所有人的奇蹟------。

nonetheless, they have so much promise,

然而，他們有如此多的希望。

and we have to have that balance.

而我們必須要有這種平衡。

I think that's more possible today.

我認為這在今天更有可能。

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