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  • The limited edition 12023 Kurzgesagt calendar is  here! Every purchase enables us to make videos  

    限量版的12023年Kurzgesagt日曆來了!每一次購買都使我們能夠製作視頻

  • free for everyone. So get one for yourself orloved one and be a sponsor of the following video.  

    免費提供給大家。是以,為自己或所愛的人得到一個,併成為以下視頻的贊助商。

  • Eternal gratitude from us and  all the birbs around the world

    我們和世界上所有的鳥人永遠感謝你。

  • Here in the Kurzgesagt labs we test very important  ideas to see what happens when you blow things up  

    在Kurzgesagt實驗室裡,我們測試了非常重要的想法,看看當你把東西炸燬時會發生什麼。

  • or play with black holes. Many of you suggested  that we look into an idea that sounds reasonable:  

    或玩弄黑洞。你們中的許多人建議我們研究一個聽起來很合理的想法。

  • Shooting nuclear waste into space. It is  one of those concepts that seems like an  

    將核廢料射入太空。這是其中一個看起來像 "不可能 "的概念。

  • easy fix for one of the main problems with  nuclear energy. But it turns out this idea  

    對核能的主要問題之一的簡單解決。但事實證明,這個想法

  • is not just bad but horribly bad and it  gets worse the longer you think about it.

    不僅僅是糟糕,而且是可怕的糟糕,你想得越久就越糟糕。

  • Why is that?

    這是為什麼呢?

  • What is nuclear waste?

    什麼是核廢料?

  • Nuclear waste is a fuzzy term  and comes in categories which  

    核廢料是一個模糊的術語,分為以下幾類

  • vary from country to country. But in  general there are three broad levels:

    各個國家的情況不同。但一般來說,有三個大的層次。

  • 90% is low level nuclear wastetools, gloves or  

    90%是低水平核廢料--工具、手套或

  • trash used at a nuclear facility  that could be weakly contaminated,  

    在核設施中使用的、可能受到弱汙染的垃圾。

  • with some short lived radioactivity. This  stuff is generally safe for normal disposal.

    具有一些短時的放射性。這種東西一般來說對正常處置是安全的。

  • 7% is intermediate level nuclear wastemostly  materials that have been in close proximity to a  

    7%是中級核廢料--主要是那些曾接近於核電站的材料。

  • reactor core long enough to become dangerously  radioactive. With proper handling it is either  

    足夠長的時間使其成為危險的放射性物質。只要處理得當,它要麼是

  • safely buried or melted down and mixed into  glass or concrete and stored deep underground.

    安全地掩埋或融化並混合成玻璃或混凝土,儲存在地下深處。

  • So 97% of nuclear waste is similar to toxic  byproducts from other industries. Not great,  

    所以97%的核廢料與其他行業的有毒副產品類似。不是很好。

  • not terriblewe can handle it. The  remaining 3% is where our problems begin.

    並不可怕--我們可以處理它。剩下的3%是我們問題的開始。

  • High level nuclear waste is very concentrated  spent fuel taken out of a reactor core. Formerly  

    高水平核廢料是指從反應堆核心取出的非常集中的乏燃料。以前是

  • uranium, it is now made of various dangerous and  often highly radioactive elements. As a bonus it  

    鈾,現在是由各種危險的、往往是高度放射性的元素組成。作為一種獎勵,它

  • is also incredibly hot and not easy to handle at  all. This is what we want to shoot into space.

    也是令人難以置信的熱,根本不容易處理。這就是我們想要射入太空的東西。

  • All in all, around 440 active nuclear reactors  create about 11,000 tonnes of high level nuclear  

    總的來說,大約440個現役核反應堆創造了大約11,000噸的高濃度核物質。

  • waste each year. Since 1954, we have accumulated  400,000 tonnes of dangerous radioactive waste.  

    每年的廢物。自1954年以來,我們已經積累了40萬噸的危險放射性廢物。

  • Most countries are dealing with it by not dealing  with it and kicking the can towards the future.

    大多數國家都是通過不處理它和把罐子踢向未來來處理它。

  • Great! So let’s launch it into space! According  to scientists space is big and nobody lives there,  

    很好!是以,讓我們把它發射到太空中去吧!根據科學家的說法,太空很大,沒有人住在那裡。

  • so it seems perfect for yeeting away this  mess. There are a few tiny problems though.

    所以它似乎很適合用來解決這個混亂的問題。不過有幾個小問題。

  • Problem 1: Stuff Ain't Cheap

    問題1:東西不便宜

  • Even though spaceflight is getting  more affordable, it’s still extremely  

    儘管太空飛行的價格越來越低,但它仍然是非常重要的。

  • expensive. Just to get something into low earth  orbit costs on average about $4,000 per kilogram.  

    昂貴。僅僅把東西送入低地球軌道,平均每公斤就要花費4000美元。

  • Putting that into perspective, it costs about  $1600 to mine, separate, and fabricate one  

    從這個角度來看,開採、分離和製造一個的成本約為1600美元。

  • kilogram of nuclear fuel, so launching waste into  space has suddenly made nuclear fuel for reactors  

    千克的核燃料,所以向太空發射廢物突然使反應堆的核燃料

  • way more expensive and greatly increased  the cost of the electricity they produce.

    更加昂貴的方式,大大增加了他們生產的電力的成本。

  • To launch one reactor’s worth of nuclear waste  would cost at least $100 million per year.  

    要發射一個反應堆的核廢料,每年至少要花費1億美元。

  • To deal with all the 440 operational nuclear  power plantshigh level nuclear waste, would cost  

    要處理所有440個運行中的核電站的高位核廢料,將花費

  • some $44 billion per year for space launch before  packaging, transport and security costs are added.

    在加上包裝、運輸和安全費用之前,每年用於太空發射的費用約為440億美元。

  • Ok let us pretend we don’t care. Currently  we could not shoot all the nuclear waste  

    好吧,讓我們假裝我們不關心。目前,我們無法拍攝所有的核廢料

  • into space even if we wanted toThere just aren’t enough rockets.  

    即使我們想進入太空。 只是沒有足夠的火箭。

  • In 2021, we saw a record 135 launches into spaceIf we repurposed each of those rockets and filled  

    2021年,我們看到創紀錄的135次發射進入太空。 如果我們重新利用這些火箭,並將其填入

  • them all with nuclear waste, the total amount  that could be lifted into a Low Earth Orbit,  

    他們都有核廢料,可以被提升到低地球軌道的總量。

  • which is the closest orbit above the  atmosphere, is nearly 800 tonnes.

    這是在大氣層上方最接近的軌道,接近800噸。

  • We’d need at least 14 times more rockets  to handle just today’s nuclear waste,  

    我們需要至少14倍的火箭來處理今天的核廢料。

  • let alone get rid of the hundreds of thousands  of tonnes in temporary storage. We would need  

    更不用說擺脫臨時儲存的幾十萬噸了。我們將需要

  • to create entire new space industries  to keep up with the demand for giant,  

    以創造整個新的空間產業,以跟上對巨人的需求。

  • toxic space trash trucks. And it gets worse!

    有毒的太空垃圾車。 而且情況越來越糟!

  • Problem 2: Space is hard

    問題2:空間是困難的

  • We only made the calculation for low earth orbitwhere we send most of our rockets and satellites.  

    我們只對低地球軌道進行了計算,我們的大部分火箭和衛星都是在那裡發射的。

  • Littering the space around earth with thousands of  casks of spent nuclear fuel would be a nightmare  

    用數以千計的廢舊核燃料桶填滿地球周圍的空間將是一場噩夢。

  • for space junk management and satellite collision  avoidance. Worse still, at this altitude there  

    用於空間垃圾管理和避免衛星碰撞。更糟糕的是,在這個高度上有

  • still is a little bit of atmosphere causing  a tiny bit of drag, so we might have nuclear  

    還是有一點大氣層造成了一點點的阻力,所以我們可能會有核電

  • waste raining down from space within just a few  years. Experts would call this a huge problem.

    廢物在短短几年內從太空中傾瀉而下。專家會稱這是一個巨大的問題。

  • Clearly, we have to launch our waste fartherIf we wanted to send it to, perhaps, the moon,  

    很明顯,我們必須把我們的廢物發射得更遠。 如果我們想把它送到,也許,月球上。

  • we either need way more rockets or we need to  build much bigger ones. Making it even more  

    我們要麼需要更多的火箭,要麼我們需要建造更大的火箭。讓它變得更加

  • expensive. A single Saturn V, the rocket used  by the Apollo program, which cost about $1.5  

    昂貴。一枚土星五號,即阿波羅計劃使用的火箭,成本約為1.5美元。

  • billion adjusted for inflation per launch, could  get about 43.5 tonnes from the earth to the moon.  

    每次發射按通貨膨脹率調整後的10億美元,可以將大約43.5噸的貨物從地球運到月球。

  • So we would need about 260 Saturn V rocket  launches every year. And of course, using the  

    是以,我們每年將需要大約260次土星五號火箭的發射。當然,使用

  • moon as target practice for nuclear-waste  tipped rockets kind of makes a huge mess.

    月亮作為核廢料傾瀉火箭的目標練習,會造成巨大的混亂。

  • So maybe don’t aim for anythingspace  is empty, do we really need a target?  

    所以也許不要以任何東西為目標--空間是空的,我們真的需要一個目標嗎?

  • Shooting waste in any random direction isyou guessed it, also a bad idea. Orbits are  

    向任何隨機方向射擊廢物,你猜對了,也是一個壞主意。軌道是

  • loops which means they have a tendency to come  back to where they started. Put enough in the  

    循環,這意味著它們有回到它們開始的地方的趨勢。將足夠的

  • sky in random directions, and you'll get one back  eventually. So we would want to launch our nuclear  

    天空中的隨機方向,你最終會得到一個回報。是以,我們會想要發射我們的核

  • waste deep into space, which means we need EVEN  bigger rockets that would be even more expensive.

    廢物進入太空深處,這意味著我們需要更大的火箭,這將是更昂貴的。

  • Not that we would be completely safe then. Earth  might run into these interplanetary caskets at  

    不是說那時我們會完全安全。地球可能會在以下地點碰到這些行星間的棺材

  • some time in the far future and experiencepretty meteor shower made from radioactive dust.

    在遙遠的未來的某個時候,經歷一場由放射性塵埃組成的漂亮流星雨。

  • Ok. But how about we shoot it into the sun?!

    好的。但我們把它射向太陽怎麼樣?

  • Ironically, the sun is pretty hard to hit.  

    諷刺的是,太陽是相當難打的。

  • While the sun has very strong gravity, everything  on earth is moving with respect to the sun,  

    雖然太陽有很強的引力,但地球上的一切都在相對於太陽運動。

  • including the rockets that we launchmeaning a rocket would have tocancel  

    包括我們發射的火箭,這意味著火箭將不得不 "取消

  • outall the orbital motion it has around  the sun so it can stop orbiting and fall in.

    出'它圍繞太陽的所有軌道運動,這樣它就可以停止運行並落入。

  • Because of this it is actually easier to  launch a rocket entirely out of the solar  

    正因為如此,實際上,完全從太陽系中發射火箭更容易。

  • system than it is to launch it into  the sun. But to do either of these  

    比起把它發射到太陽上,我們更應該把它放在系統中。但要做到這兩點中的任何一點

  • things we need even bigger rocketsprobably the biggest weve ever built.

    事,我們需要更大的火箭,可能是我們有史以來最大的火箭。

  • Urgh. Nothing works.

    呃。沒有任何東西是有效的。

  • The thing is: It still gets much worse.

    問題是:情況仍然會變得更糟。

  • Problem 3: Rockets go Brrrrrrrr

    問題3:火箭隊走的是Brrrrrrrrrr。

  • Rocket engineering has taken  huge steps since the Apollo era.  

    自阿波羅時代以來,火箭工程已經邁出了巨大的步伐。

  • We have made them relatively safe. Weve  mostly replaced the toxic explosive cancer  

    我們已經使它們變得相對安全。我們已經大部分取代了有毒的爆炸性癌症

  • fuels of the past decades with much saner  mixes of liquid oxygen and hydrogen or  

    在過去的幾十年裡,我們一直在使用更健康的液氧和氫氣混合燃料,或使用更健康的液氧和氫氣混合燃料。

  • kerosene. The newest designs even land  themselves so that they can be reused.

    煤油。最新的設計甚至可以自己降落,以便可以重複使用。

  • And yet, Out of the 146 launches in 2021, there  were 11 failures. Which means that a sizable  

    然而,在2021年的146次發射中,有11次是失敗的。這意味著,一個相當大的

  • number of our rockets carrying high level  radioactive waste would be exploding on the  

    我們的一些運載高濃度放射性廢物的火箭將被爆炸。

  • launch pad or in the worst case: disassembling at  high altitude or crashing from hypersonic speeds.  

    在最壞的情況下:在高空拆卸或從高超音速墜落。

  • Each failure would be at least equivalent  to a mini-Chernobylbut instead of being  

    每一次故障都至少相當於一次小型切爾諾貝利事故--但不是被

  • contained under a slab of concretespread throughout the atmosphere

    包含在一塊混凝土板下,擴散到整個大氣層。

  • Radioactive particles could make their way  to far away places by riding on the winds.  

    放射性粒子可以通過乘風而行,到達遙遠的地方。

  • Most would fall in the ocean but some would  land on the inhabited parts of the world.  

    大多數會落入海洋,但有些會落在世界有人居住的地方。

  • They could cover farmlands and get concentrated  into our food, or enter our water supply. Which  

    它們可能覆蓋農田並集中到我們的食物中,或進入我們的供水系統。其中

  • is, well, bad. Imagine regular large scale nuclear  disasters happening. People would not be happy.

    是,嗯,不好。想象一下,定期發生大規模的核災難。人們會不高興的。

  • Conclusion and Opinion Part

    結論和意見部分

  • Nuclear waste is scary. But the fear  of it and horrible ideas like shooting  

    核廢料是可怕的。但對它的恐懼和可怕的想法,如射擊

  • it into space reveals how bad we are at  understanding risk. Because the largest  

    它進入太空揭示了我們在理解風險方面是多麼糟糕。因為最大的

  • amounts of radioactive elements like uranium  and radon are actually released by coal. Burning  

    煤炭實際上釋放了大量的放射性元素,如鈾和氡。燃燒

  • millions of tonnes of coal each year leaves  ash as a waste product, that includes about  

    每年有數百萬噸的煤炭留下灰燼作為廢品,其中包括約1,000噸的煤。

  • 36,000 tonnes of radioactive materials. Less  radioactive than high level nuclear waste,  

    36,000噸的放射性物質。比高位核廢料的放射性要低。

  • but there is also a lot more of it  and it is handled way less carefully.

    但也有很多這樣的情況,而且處理起來也不那麼謹慎。

  • Some of this ash is caught by filters, but most  is simply pushed back into leaky mines, shoved  

    其中一些灰燼被過濾器捕獲,但大多數灰燼只是被推回漏水的礦井中,並被推到了一個新的地方。

  • into piles exposed to the wind or poured into  ponds that regularly spill into rivers and lakes.  

    成堆暴露在風中或倒入經常溢出到河流和湖泊的池塘。

  • Living within 1.6 km of an ash pile  increases your cancer risk up to  

    生活在灰堆1.6公里範圍內,你的癌症風險會增加到

  • 2000 times over the acceptable limit. And this is  on top of other toxic chemicals like heavy metals,  

    超過可接受限度的2000倍。而這是在重金屬等其他有毒化學品之外的。

  • and of course their massive CO2 emissions. And  yet, while nuclear energy is flawed and its  

    當然還有他們大量的二氧化碳排放。然而,雖然核能有缺陷,其

  • current form may only be a transitory technologynuclear power plants are a harder sell than coal.

    目前的形式可能只是一種過渡性技術,核電站比煤炭更難銷售。

  • Nuclear waste and the lack of willingness to deal  with it are a real issue. It's not insurmountable  

    核廢料和缺乏處理它的意願是一個真正的問題。這並不是不可克服的

  • though. There are good methods to handle it, like  burying it deep underground or reprocessing some  

    雖然如此。有很好的方法來處理它,比如把它深埋在地下或再處理一些

  • of it into new fuel. But however we ultimately  deal with this issue we hope one thing is clear:  

    變成新的燃料。但無論我們最終如何處理這個問題,我們希望有一件事是清楚的。

  • shooting nuclear waste into space  is one of the worst ideas ever.

    將核廢料射入太空是有史以來最糟糕的想法之一。

  • Researching this crazy thing, conducting  all of these important tests and of course,  

    研究這個瘋狂的事情,進行所有這些重要的測試,當然還有。

  • creating this video, took us around 2,000  hourswhich is insane for a YouTube video.  

    創作這段視頻,我們花了大約2000個小時--這對YouTube視頻來說是瘋狂的。

  • And we couldn’t do it without you!

    沒有你,我們也做不到!"。

  • If you like what you just saw you  can continue your science journey  

    如果你喜歡你剛剛看到的,你可以繼續你的科學之旅

  • with one of our products. They  are true pieces of kurzgesagt you  

    與我們的產品之一。他們是真正的作品,是你的朋友。

  • can take home and touch. And they are  the best way to support this channel.

    可以帶回家並觸摸。而且它們是支持這個管道的最佳方式。

  • Like our limited edition Human Era Calendar  that will bring you a whole year of joy.

    比如我們的限量版人類時代日曆,它將帶給你一整年的快樂。

  • Learn more about the world with our  carefully researched infographic posters,  

    通過我們精心研究的資訊圖表海報,瞭解更多關於世界的資訊。

  • get our Habit & Gratitude Journals to  improve your life with scienceor  

    獲得我們的《習慣與感恩日記》,用科學改善你的生活--或

  • update your wardrobe with our new hoodie editions

    用我們新的連帽衫版本更新你的衣櫃。

  • If your room is in need of a literal glow upget  one of these posters. Weve also got notebooks,  

    如果你的房間需要一個字面意義上的煥發 - 得到這些海報中的一個。我們也有筆記本。

  • plushies, mugs & moreall designed with love  and produced with care by us at kurzgesagt.

    紀念品、杯子及更多--所有這些都是由我們kurzgesagt公司用愛心設計和精心製作的。

  • And if you sign up to our newsletter well  

    如果你註冊了我們的通訊,我們將

  • keep you up to date on everything  happening in the kurzgesagt Universe.

    讓你瞭解在kurzgesagt宇宙中發生的一切最新情況。

  • Thank you so, so much for your support!

    非常感謝你們的支持!

The limited edition 12023 Kurzgesagt calendar is  here! Every purchase enables us to make videos  

限量版的12023年Kurzgesagt日曆來了!每一次購買都使我們能夠製作視頻

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