Name: 後種族隔離時代的南非真的平等了嗎？(Why South Africa is still so segregated)
Uploaded: 2023-03-01T21:01:30.000Z
Duration: 10 min 16 s

This strip, in Cape Town, South Africa, divides the beachside community of Strand from the township of Nomzamo.

這條位於南非開普敦的地帶將海濱社區史特蘭與諾姆札莫鎮區分隔開來。

They're only a few meters apart, but the people on each side live very different lives.

兩者相距只有幾米遠，但兩邊的人們卻過著截然不同的生活。

Nomzamo is much more dense and the people here have fewer basic services:

諾姆札莫人口密集得多，擁有的民生基礎卻更少：

And Nomzamo is majority Black, while the area across the line is majority white.

諾姆札莫的黑人佔多數，而對面的區域是白人佔多數。

If we use dots on a map to represent race, you can see how stark that divide is.

如果我們在地圖上用點來代表種族，你就會看到這種分歧有多麼明顯。

If we zoom out to the whole city, we can see it's actually everywhere.

如果我們放大到整個城市，我們可以看到分歧無所不在。

And this is the case across much of South Africa.

南非大部分地區都是這種情況。

The color of your skin here often determines where you live.

在這裡，你的膚色通常決定了你住在哪裡。

This map shows where jobs and opportunities are primarily concentrated in Cape Town.

這張地圖顯示了工作和機會主要集中在開普敦的哪些地方。

And this is where most of the city's Black people live, an informal settlements called "townships" on the city's periphery.

這是該市大多數黑人居住的地方，是城市外圍的一個非官方定居點，稱為「鄉鎮」。

People have to move by public transport for up to three hours a day,

人們每天得乘坐交通工具長達三個小時，

and they can't take care of their obligations in the community with the rest of their family, because they're always working and they're always traveling.

他們無法與家人一起履行社區義務，因為他們總是在工作，總是在乘車。

For decades, South Africa was under apartheid: a system that wrote segregation into law.

幾十年來，南非一直處於種族隔離政策之下：一種將種族隔離寫入法律的制度。

A white minority controlled where non-white people could live, work, exist.

少數白人控制著非白人可以生活、工作和存在的地方。

In 1994, a democratically elected government took power, and ended apartheid.

1994 年，民選政府上台，結束了種族隔離制度。

But a lot of the country still looks like this.

但是全國很多地方仍然看起來像這樣。

And that's because South Africa's legacy of racial division goes back centuries.

那是因為南非的種族分裂傳統可以追溯到幾個世紀以前。

In the 1600s, the Dutch took over the southern tip of Africa, to supply ships with food along the trade route to Asia.

在 1600 年代，荷蘭人佔領了非洲南端，沿著通往亞洲的貿易路線為船隻提供食物。

150 years later, Britain seized it, and named it "Cape Colony."

150 年後，英國占領了該地，並將其命名為「開普殖民地」。

Many Dutch colonists moved here, further inland, to escape British rule and continue exploiting enslaved people.

許多荷蘭殖民者搬到這裡，進一步向內陸轉移，以逃避英國的統治並繼續剝削被奴役的人。

Just like the Dutch, the British used Cape Colony as a strategic location for trade; it wasn't economically significant.

跟荷蘭人一樣，英國人將開普殖民地作為貿易的戰略要地。這裡在經濟上本來並不重要。

But in the 1870s, that changed, when the British started mining diamonds there.

但在 1870 年代，當英國人開始在該地開採鑽石時，情況發生了變化。

Suddenly, Cape Colony was one of Britain's most prized and exploited colonies.

突然間，開普殖民地成為英國最珍貴和最受剝削的殖民地之一。

In order to get the diamonds out of the country, they built railways, to connect the mines up here to the coast.

為了將鑽石運出該國，他們修建了鐵路，將這裡的礦山連接到海岸。

The railways allowed the British to access a global diamond market through the port city of Cape Town.

鐵路讓英國人能夠通過港口城市開普敦進入全球鑽石市場。

Soon, the economy of Cape Colony was centered around the railroads, especially this main route.

很快，開普殖民地的經濟就以鐵路為中心。特別是這條主要路線。

The green areas on this map show the Black regions of Cape Colony, largely left out of the railroad economy.

這張地圖上的綠色區域顯示開普殖民地的黑人地區，這些地區基本上被排除在鐵路經濟之外。

Racial inequality in Cape Colony was being reinforced by location.

開普殖民地的種族不平等因地理位置而加劇。

To keep it that way, the colonial government started writing segregation into law.

為了保持這種狀態，殖民政府開始將種族隔離寫入法律。

The Natives Land Act of 1913 pushed Black people into these areas:

1913 年的『原住民土地法』將黑人趕到了這些地區：

only eight percent of South Africa's land, and restricted them from owning land everywhere else,

他們只能使用百分之八的南非土地，並限制他們在其他地方擁有土地，

or, relocated them to the edges of the major cities, to work for white people.

或者，將他們重新安置到大城市的邊緣，為白人工作。

Cape Town's growth from the increased trade turned the port town into a major city.

開普敦因貿易增長而發展壯大，使這個港口城市變成了一個主要城市。

Many migrants from the rest of the colony, and elsewhere, moved here, to what was then the outskirts of Cape Town,

許多來自殖民地其他地方的移民搬到這裡，搬到當時的開普敦郊區，

where former enslaved people, merchants, artists, and immigrants, were forming a neighborhood called District Six.

以前被奴役的人、商人、藝術家和移民在這裡形成了一個叫做第六區的社區。

As the city grew around District Six, so did the neighborhood.

隨著城市圍繞第六區發展，這個社區也在發展。

For decades, District Six was a thriving, integrated community.

幾十年來，第六區是一個繁榮的文化融合社區。

We were a very cosmopolitan, you could say family, almost. Because there were people from all different nationalities, from all different walks of life.

我們是非常國際化的社區，也可以說是一家人。因為有來自不同民族、來自各行各業的人。

This was the statement: Your child is my child.

我們有共通的理念「你的小孩就是我的小孩」。

In 1934, Britain's legal hold in what was now the Union of South Africa officially ended.

1934 年，英國對現在的南非聯邦的合法控制權正式結束。

The remaining white minority, the descendants of Dutch colonists, took control.

剩下的少數白人，即荷蘭殖民者的後裔，控制了局勢。

And they built on the foundation the British were leaving behind.

他們在英國人留下的基礎上繼續發展。

Between 1949 and 1971, the all-white government passed 148 laws solidifying apartheid.

1949 年至 1971 年間，全白人政府通過了 148 項鞏固種族隔離的法律。

Apartheid allowed for the full realization of the ambition of the fascist project in South Africa.

種族隔離讓南非的法西斯計劃的野心得以充分實現。

In 1950, the Population Registration Act officially classified people by race: white, colored, and native (or Black). And eventually, Asian.

1950 年，《人口登記法》正式按種族對人種進行分類：白人、有色人種和原住民（或黑人）。 最後，亞洲人。

Then they made laws saying where people could live.

然後他們制定法律規定人們可以居住的地方。

Around the country, Black South Africans were moved into these areas, called homelands, or "bantustans."

在全國各地，南非黑人被轉移到這些被稱為家園或「班圖斯坦」的地區。

Bantustans were rural areas and had underdeveloped economies.

班圖斯坦是農村地區，經濟不發達。

Many of them were in the areas Britain had already excluded from the railway economy, and where Black land ownership had been restricted to.

其中許多位於英國已經排除在鐵路經濟之外的地區，以及黑人土地所有權受到限制的地區。

Black people were forced to carry "pass books," that specified where they were allowed to work or travel to.

黑人被迫攜帶「通行證」，上面寫明了允許他們工作或旅行的地點。

In cities like Cape Town, the "Group Areas Act" moved the remaining non-whites into separate urban areas.

在像開普敦這樣的城市，《族群區域法》將剩餘的非白人轉移到不同的城市地區。

The most prime land, and the land closest to higher-valued property, was allocated to white people.

最優質的土地，也是最接近高價值財產的土地，被分配給了白人。

In 1966, the government declared that District Six was now a whites-only area.

1966 年，政府宣布第六區現在是白人專用區。

The residents of District Six received removal letters like this one, that said living there was illegal, because they were not white.

第六區的居民收到了這樣一封搬遷信，上面說住在那裡是非法的，因為他們不是白人。

Bulldozers drove into District Six, and razed it to the ground.

推土機開進了第六區，把它夷為平地。

我們住在這裡。 我們在這裡過生活。

It was very traumatic for a lot of people.

這對很多人來說都是非常大的創傷。

這就像把一個人的心臟挖出來。

More than 60,000 people were forcibly removed from their homes.

超過 60,000 人被強行趕出他們的家園。

This kind of violence against non-white people was commonplace around the country.

這種針對非白人的暴力在全國各地都很常見。

But, after decades of pressure, both from within South Africa and abroad, apartheid rule finally came to an end.

但是，經過幾十年來自南非國內外的施壓，種族隔離統治終於結束了。

The new government lifted restrictions on where people could live.

新政府取消了對人們居住地的限制。

Millions of people, who had been excluded from economic development for centuries, migrated to major cities, looking for basic services and economic opportunity.

幾個世紀以來被排除在經濟發展之外的數百萬人遷移到大城市，尋找民生基礎和發展經濟的機會。

For any family with no prospect of employment, the most rational, logical choice to make is to migrate to an urban center.

對於任何沒有就業前景的家庭來說，最理性、最合乎邏輯的選擇就是遷移到城市中心。

They settled where there was empty land, creating townships on the peripheries of major cities like Cape Town.

他們定居在空曠的土地上，在開普敦等大城市的外圍建立鄉鎮。

The government built millions of homes, and expanded clean water and electricity.

政府建造了數以百萬計的房屋，並擴建了乾淨的用水和電力。

But it had a number of unforeseen consequences, the most important of which is that the only land that could be used for the public housing program was on the periphery of the city.

但它產生了一些無法預料的後果，其中最重要的是唯一可用於公共住房計劃的土地位於城市外圍。

And for that reason, a brilliant intention to overcome the apartheid legacy unintentionally reproduced the very same legacy it was trying to undo.

出於這個原因，一個克服種族隔離遺留問題的絕妙意圖無意中重現了它試圖消除問題。

Today, 60% of the mostly Black population of Cape Town lives in these townships at the edge of the city.

如今，60% 的開普敦黑人人口居住在城市邊緣的這些鄉鎮。

The thing is, Cape Town's City Center has land to develop.

問題是，開普敦市中心有可以開發的土地。

But because of its location, it's valuable, so it usually gets sold to private developers, who build luxury apartments.

但由於它的位置很有價值，所以它通常被賣給建造豪華公寓的私人開發商。

Nearly a billion dollars worth of them are going up by the coast.

其中位在海岸邊，價值近 10 億美元的土地價值正在上升。

But, right in the heart of Cape Town, by all the expensive developments, District Six remains largely untouched.

但是，就在開普敦的中心，在所有昂貴的開發項目旁邊，第六區在很大程度上仍未被觸及。

The former residents have fought against private development, and they've actually succeeded.

以前的居民反對私人開發，他們其實也成功了。

Some have even managed to return to houses built by the city. 

有些人甚至設法回到了城市建造的房屋中。

I wanted to come back here, where I was born, which was part of our family's heritage.

我想回到這裡，我出生的地方，這是我們家族遺產的一部分。

I couldn't believe that I was back. It was a sense of relief.

我簡直不敢相信我回來了。 這是一種如釋重負的感覺。

But there are still hundreds of claimants waiting to get back to District Six.

但仍有數百名索賠者等待返回第六區。

We haven't done the difficult and the painful work to confront what the intergenerational consequences are of colonialism. Of apartheid.

我們還沒有完成艱鉅而痛苦的工作來應對殖民主義的代際後果，種族隔離的後果。

The story of Cape Town and South Africa's racial segregation starts far in the past.

開普敦和南非種族隔離的故事從很久以前就開始了。

But it's very much entangled with the present.

種族隔離和殖民主義在這裡結束了。

But many of the barriers they built have yet to be dismantled.

但他們建立的許多隔閡尚未消除。

The kind of psychic scars that's left on individuals and on communities.

那種留在個人和社區上的心理傷疤，

We haven't begun the work of saying, "How do we live together?" in the face of that history.

我們還沒有開始說「我們要怎麼居住在一起？」來面對這段歷史。