class where I learned to dive right here along the Monterey breakwater wall.

It was a really rough day.

The surf was big.

We barely made it into the water.

And I mean, we couldn't even hardly see our hands in front of our faces because it was so

murky. It's freezing cold.

And I just thought it was the coolest thing.

I was like, it can't get better than this.

And from that moment, I just became fascinated by kelp forest ecosystems.

My name is Josh Smith, and I am a postdoctoral researcher at the National

Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis.

I've been studying kelp forest ecology for about 11 years.

Most of my research has been specifically in Monterey Bay.

Being in a kelp forest is much like being in a redwood forest.

Kelp grow really tall.

They grow all the way from the sea floor up to the surface.

They can grow up to 80 feet tall.

The reef is covered in life of all kinds of different colors, invertebrates and fishes

that are on the bottom underwater.

There's life everywhere, all the way up to the surface.

We set up surveys years and years ago.

They started in 1992 and it was in response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill, which was up

in Alaska. But there was this recognition that we knew very little about these

habitats. And if we are going to be able to assess damages, you kind of needed to know

what was there. And one of the things that affords, of course, is that you have the

opportunity to see change.

And you can see that there are these coastal ecosystems, kelp forests and rocky intertidal

areas, and things come and go and they change.

My name is Pete Raimondi.

I'm a professor at UC Santa Cruz in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary

Biology. My primary interest is in kelp forests along the coast of California and

rocky intertidal areas, which we think of as tidepools.

Back when we were driving this area, 2012, 2013, the kelp was so thick that we'd have to

anchor the boat way out here and then swim under the canopy to get to the location where

we were going to do our surveys.

Now we can pretty much just pull up right to our dive site, you know, drop anchor and go.

But in 2013, things began to seriously change.

It was shocking. I'd never seen anything like it.

We saw starfish starting to disintegrate, basically in front of us.

We would see these things on the bottom that we call Ghost Stars, which were the outline

of the sea star. The white and the white was bacteria.

All these sea stars were basically just dissolving under water.

They lose their arms, they twist and get torsion.

And it's really it's it's really pretty nasty.

It was like the underwater world was like in its last stages.

That sea star wasting syndrome decimated several species of sea stars up and down the

coast. One species that was hit particularly hard was this sunflower sea star that we call

Pycnopodia. And this is a very large sea star that grows to be the size of an extra

large pizza. They have 24 arms and they cruise along the reef for sea urchins.

And sea urchins are these spiny baseball sized animals that like to eat kelp.

Now, normally in a kelp forest, these native sea urchin grazers are living down, tucked

away in the cracks and crevices and they're eating drift kelp.

In 2014, we had a major marine heat wave.

These marine heatwaves are a product of climate change, and all of these anomalies

are like nothing we've seen, you know, in the last 100 years, one was the blob, which

was this really warm seawater that showed up in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

And the other was this warm equatorial water that came up that was from a major El Nino

event. And so this major marine heat wave just completely bathed all of central and

northern California. And this really warm water and kelp needs really cold, nutrient

rich water to thrive.

And so the combination of lots and lots of sea urchins and very bad environmental

conditions for kelp caused the kelp forests to collapse.

We're really hoping to learn more about sea urchin behavior.

We want to know how much kelp sea urchins actually eat and what's that critical point

when sea urchins shift from passively grazing on drift where they're tucked away in

the crevices to now storming out of the crevices, eating live kelp.

That's a really fundamentally important behavioral shift that we're really interested

in learning more about.

These sea urchins in many places, completely clear cut the kelp all the way to the reef

surface and formed what we call sea urchin barrens.

And these are places where the urchins have overgrazed the kelp.

There's no macroalgae left.

It's just a carpet of purple.

We've discussed the sea urchins that eat kelp, and we discussed the Sunflower Sea

Star, which is a known predator of sea urchins.

There's another predator of sea urchins that we have here in Monterey Bay, and that's the

Southern Sea Otter.

Part of the reason why we still have patches of kelp forests along the Monterey Peninsula

is because the otters are helping to maintain those remnant patches of kelp

forests. They are targeting the healthy urchins in those patches of kelp.

However, because the otters are not foraging on sea urchins in the barrens, they're not

actively contributing to recovery.

These are the the major grazers that are eating all of the kelp.

So these urchins, again, they emerged from crevices and they were no longer eating drift

and they started eating live kelp.

So in the lab, we're looking to see what actually causes that behavioral shift.

How do predators play a part in that?

So it's been really remarkable to see how fast the ecosystem can change, how quickly

kelp can become deforested, and how quickly these sea urchin barrens can happen.

And I wish I could just look back into time and see how often does this happen before?

How long did the Barrens persist?

Were there barrens?

Because to us, it seems like this happened really quickly.

We lost all the kelp.

I have to remind myself that my perception and my window into these changing forest

ecosystems is just a fraction of time on the geologic time scale.

The kelp forests seem to be recovering right now, and we're in a period of really cold

water and at least recently and things seem to be coming back in.

We're in a pretty fortunate situation, to be completely honest, because I think that

unlike a lot of environments, people actually are very interested in this.

This interest has led to.

An immense amount of information that we would not have had.

So like in the sea star wasting, probably 90% of the information that was from people,

citizens, and that's because they're interested and they care.

And so I think that that's a huge plus, and I would just hope that that stays.

It's hard to speculate about what might happen.

These are really dynamic ecosystems.

There are all kinds of invertebrates and birds and things that depend on kelp as a

subsidy. The kelp also ends up in offshore and in the canyon, and so the kelp that's

ripped out eventually makes its way offshore.

Some of it sinks down.

It's not just important for the animals that live there, but kelp forests are also

fundamentally important in buffering climate change.

In one way that they do that is like plants on land kelp actually take in CO2.

And when that kelp is ripped out and transported offshore, that carbon that the

kelp has has captured is ultimately sequestered into deep sea sediments.

And what's so great about kelp?

You're not convinced already?

Well, kelp is kelp is what we call a foundation species.

So it supports the entire forest ecosystem by providing habitat and food for all of the

animals that live here.

With all of these changes that are happening, what we're seeing is the

foundation being unraveled.

It's being deforested, and it's not being deforested because of harvest.

It's being deforested because of these other processes that are happening, these marine

heatwaves and the sea urchin outbreaks that can occur over several hundred kilometers

with ocean warming globally and climate change, you know, like a blob that really

initiated all of this back in 2014, that that blob was this area of warm water that

showed up in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

And my understanding still that, you know, we don't really know why it showed up.

It just did. And it's unclear how kelp forests are going to respond to these

recurring marine heatwaves.