from BBC Learning English.

I'm Neil. And I'm Beth.

If you're deaf or hard of hearing,

watching television would be impossible without subtitles -

the words of dialogue added at the bottom of the screen explaining

what the characters are saying. Subtitled captions aren't only

for dialogue. In the most dramatic action-packed scenes of the movie,

there might be no one speaking,

but there are plenty of sounds - a scream, a thrilling car chase,

and all these sounds need to be described as well.

In this programme, we'll be meeting Karli Witkowska,

a subtitler who works on the Stranger Things

show to find out more, and of course

we'll be learning some useful new vocabulary as well.

But first

I have a question for you, Neil.

Movie subtitles are written ahead of time, but subtitling for live

TV has to be done in the moment as the person is speaking.

This can lead to mistakes - sometimes very funny ones,

including a subtitle which appeared in an interview

for the BBC Six O'clock News in 2019.

But what did the subtitle

say? Was it, a)

We can't allow Spiderman to become Prime Minister. b)

We can't allow Superman to become Prime Minister or c)

We can't allow Batman to become Prime Minister

I guess the subtitling mistake involved Spiderman.

I'll reveal the answer later in the programme. Of course

it's not just deaf audiences that subtitles help.

The translated subtitles of foreign films are great for learning languages,

letting you read a word and hear how it's pronounced at the same time.

And because subtitles

describe everything from monster squelches

to bombs exploding,

it's a great way to learn new adjectives.

Here's subtitler Karli

Witowska explaining to BBC

Radio 4 programme Word of Mouth

how her choice of adjective creates emotion for the viewer.

It depends on the genre

and depends on the shows.

And so if you have a very upbeat sort of period piece where the music is very

jaunty, you like you would use the word jaunty to describe the music.

It just. It's, it's creating an idea of

what a second is like and using a very, very descriptive word

in order to do so. Karli bases her descriptions

on the film's genre.

A style of film, music or book with its own particular set of features.

The sound effects needed for a thriller like Stranger Things -

creaking stairs and sudden screams - are very different from the sounds used

in historical period dramas, which are more upbeat, lighthearted and cheerful.

This influences

the adjective Karli chooses to describe a sound. For example,

upbeat music might be described as jaunty - full of energy and confidence.

Subtitles started out as an accessibility feature for deaf audiences

and to translate foreign language films into English,

but since the growth of online streaming services

like Netflix, subtitling has become something of an art.

Karli belongs to a team of subtitlers

who try to make their descriptions as close as possible to the sounds they

hear. Here

she tells BBC

Radio 4's Word of Mouth about a time

her team found exactly the right word.

I loved 'gobsmacked

silence', because you were able to tell that people were like almost

on the verge of a gasp or on the verge of like a shock

and that was the atmosphere.

But there wasn't actually a sound so when,

when my colleague came up with that one,

I definitely wanted to give him

a virtual high five. In this scene,

the surprise characters were about to gasp -

take in a short, quick breath of air.

There was no speech or sound in the scene,

but Karli's team found the perfect adjective to describe the silence -

'gobsmacked', which is slang for being so surprised,

you can't speak.

This was definitely one description that deserved a high five - lifting up

your hand to clap hands with someone else as a greeting or to say

'well done'. In fact, the phrase

'gobsmacked silence' was so good

it went viral and started being used in all kinds of situations.

Maybe gobsmacked was how the viewers of that TV

news programme felt - you know the mistaken subtitle you asked me

about in your question.

I guessed the incorrect subtitle was

'We can't allow Spiderman to become Prime Minister'. Which was...

the wrong answer, I'm afraid.

In fact the interviewee

said, 'We can't allow that man to become Prime Minister' speaking

about Boris Johnson.

But the misheard subtitle appeared as 'Batman'.

OK, let's recap the vocabulary

we learnt from this programme on subtitles.

Starting with 'genre'.

A style of film, music or book with its own particular set of characteristics.

Something which is 'upbeat'

is cheerful, hopeful and lighthearted. The

adjective 'jaunty' means full of energy and confidence.

If you 'gasp', you take in a short, quick breath of air

in surprise or in pain. You can use the slang expression 'gobsmacked'

when someone is so surprised they can't speak.

And finally, if you give someone a 'high five',

you hold up your hand above your head

clapping hands with somebody else as a greeting or to say

'well done'. Once again our six minutes are up.

Bye for now. Bye.