How are wrinkles formed?

Their origin and nature is said to be "notoriously complex,"

but current thinking is that wrinkles occur

where fault lines develop in aging skin.

The process has been compared to an old leather glove,

made out of skin after all,

that develops creases at the joints

due to repetitive stress.

In the face, the repeated flexion

may be due to facial expression.

An 8-year longitudinal study

found that you can predict the pattern

of persistent wrinkles

by superimposing upon your resting face

the expression lines, temporary wrinkles,

that form when you smile.

Over time, the skin folding

caused by everyday facial expressions

etches the temporary grooves into permanent wrinkles.

See how the smile lines around the eyes at baseline

show up as permanent wrinkles 8 years later?

Given that wrinkles develop from forehead furrows

and expression lines from frowns and laughter,

one dermatology journal review on aging skin

offered the tongue in unwrinkled-cheek suggestion

of "Living alone to minimize the use of facial expressions."

And while you're at it you could

"live in space to avoid the effects of gravity."

However, there is a way to freeze parts of your face

into an expressionless mask: Botox.

In fact, one contraindication to getting Botox

is having a job that

"necessitates a wide range of facial expressions."

It's never been formally put to the test,

but there was a case report of a pair of identical twins,

one of whom who spent tens of thousands of dollars

getting Botox treatments across multiple areas on her face

a few times each year for 13 years.

Compared to her non-regularly injected twin,

she ended up with fewer imprinted facial lines.

A paper entitled "Sleep Wrinkles"

tried to make the case that wrinkles may result

from the skin distortion from mechanical compression

sleeping on your side.

Of course, the primary author also is a partner in a company

selling $160 quote-unquote "wrinkle-fighting" pillows.

It turns out there does not appear to be any correlation

between sleep position preference

and the appearance of wrinkles.

Speaking of questionable products,

what about topical adhesive "anti-wrinkle" pads

you paste to your face at night?

Product claims include "look up to 10-15 years younger,"

declaring a 70 percent reduction in wrinkles.

But when actually put to the test for a month

for crow's feet, forehead, or between-the-eye wrinkles,

no objective benefits were reported at all.

There did appear to be a placebo effect in that subjectively,

the study participants felt the wrinkles looked better,

but independent blinded evaluations

by facial plastic surgeons of before-and-after pictures

showed no significant change.

So what can we do to prevent wrinkling?

Some of it is genetics.

For example, having lighter skin color is a predisposing factor.

Among light skin tones,

Caucasian skin wrinkles more readily than Asian skin,

for which aging is more characterized

by pigmentation changes

such as freckles, blotchy patches, and liver spots.

Among Asian skin types,

Chinese women tend to have more wrinkles around their eyes

than Japanese women,

whereas Thai women tend to wrinkle more

in the lower half of their faces.

There are, however, factors we have control over.

For example, drier skin has also been found predictive

of more persistent wrinkling,

suggesting regular use of skin moisturizers may help.

When it comes to wrinkle formation,

it takes two to tango.

Wrinkles are formed by repetitive creasing

of aged skin.

Kids can scrunch their faces all they want

because the architecture of their skin has yet to be

irreparably damaged,

and the lack of creasing

is why you don't have wrinkles on your forearms

no matter how much sun they've soaked up.

Rather than immobilizing your face with Botox,

you can focus on preventing the underlying structural damage

that makes your skin susceptible.

This involves tobacco avoidance and regular sun protection.

What about safeguarding against other kinds of light?

From the Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering:

"Can light emitted from smartphone screens

and taking selfies cause premature aging and wrinkles?"

Human skin cells bathed in the light of iPhones and iPads

experienced an 80 to 90 percent increase in free radicals,

compared to shielded control cells,

suggesting electronic device generated light

"may be harmful to skin."

Now, on one hand, they positioned the screens

unrealistically close, one centimeter,

resulting in about 10 times the irradiance

compared to a reading distance of about a foot.

On the other hand, the skin cells were only exposed

for an unrealistically short time, only an hour.

The researchers called for future studies

to evaluate the impact of lower, longer doses

on skin outcomes such as collagen deposition.