Developed by Henri Tajfel and John Turner in the 1970s, it posits that individuals derive pride and self-esteem from their group connections, especially in times of national crisis. On one hand, this heightened group identification can foster positive outcomes, like unity and a shared sense of purpose.

On the other hand, critics argue that an overemphasis on group identity can lead to intergroup discrimination and a devaluation of outgroups.

While group membership can offer comfort and clarity, it can also encourage exclusionary behaviors and reinforce divisions. For example, in sports, fans of a particular team may experience a strong sense of belonging and pride from their association with that team.

This positive group identity can create a sense of unity and support among fans.

However, this affiliation can also result in hostility toward rival teams and their supporters, sometimes leading to behaviors like taunting or even violence at sporting events.

This illustrates how the positive aspects of group membership can be overshadowed by the potential for outgroup hostility.