Last week, the OECD released the first batch of data from its world-renowned Survey of Adult Skills,

上週，經濟合作與發展組織（OECD）公佈了其世界聞名「經合組織成人技能調查」的首批數據，

a multi-country survey involving hundreds of thousands of respondents that only happens once every 10 years.

「經合組織成人技能調查」是一項涉及數十萬受訪者的多國調查，每 10 年才進行一次。

The results are always pretty interesting,

它們的結論總是很有趣，

but what really jumped out this time round, at least from a UK perspective, was the fact that people in England are more likely to be overqualified for their job.

但這次至少從英國的角度來看真正引人注目的是，在英國的人更可能在工作中被大材小用。

In other words, have more educational credentials than required, than any other OECD country.

換句話說，與其它 OECD 相比，他們擁有的教育證書比要求的要多。

So, in this video, we're gonna take a quick look at what you might call the UK's overqualification crisis,

在這部影片中，我們將快速探討所謂的英國「大材小用」危機、

why it's pretty terrible for both those affected and the UK economy more generally, and what might be done to fix it.

為什麼它對受影響者和英國經濟都非常糟糕，以及如何解決這一問題。

Before we start, if you haven't already, please consider subscribing and ringing the bell to stay in the loop and be notified when we release new videos.

在我們開始之前，如果你還沒有訂閱，請考慮訂閱頻道並開啟小鈴鐺，以便在我們發佈新影片時，即時收到通知。

So, before we get into the UK data, let's have a look at the report's wider findings to give it some context.

在瞭解英國的數據之前，讓我們先來看看報告中更廣泛的調查結果，以了解來龍去脈。

According to the report, about one third of workers across OECD countries are mismatched to their jobs in some way.

報告顯示，OECD 約有三分之一的工人在某種程度上與工作不匹配。

More specifically, about 23% of workers are overqualified, up from 21% 10 years ago, while 9% are underqualified, down from 13% 10 years ago.

更具體地說，約 23% 的工人學歷過高，高於 10 年前的 21%、9% 的工人學歷不足，低於 10 年前的 13%。

Somewhat unsurprisingly, people who've spent more time in education are generally more likely to be overqualified.

有些不足為奇的是，受教育時間越長的人一般越容易學歷過高。

Perhaps more interestingly, foreign workers are also more likely to be overqualified, as are young workers, although only by a couple of percentage points.

也許更有趣的是，外籍工人和年輕工人也更有可能學歷過高，儘管只相差幾個百分點。

The country with the lowest rate of mismatch is Poland, where just 18% of workers are either over or underqualified,

錯配率最低的國家是波蘭，僅有 18% 的工人學歷過高或過低，

while the country with the highest rate of mismatch is⏤you guessed it⏤the UK, or specifically England because that's where the OECD polling took place.

而錯配率最高的國家是英國，你猜對了，就是英格蘭，因為經合組織的民意調查就是在英格蘭進行的。

Here, 6% of workers are underqualified, which is actually slightly lower than the OECD average.

這裡有 6% 的工人學歷不足，實際上略低於經合組織的平均水平，

But an astonishing 37% are overqualified, by far the highest in the group and up from about 30% when the study was last carried out 10 years ago.

但卻有 37% 的工人學歷過高，是迄今為止最高的，比 10 年前進行上一次研究時的約 30% 有所上升。

The English data is also interesting for a couple of other reasons.

英語數據的有趣之處還在於其它幾個原因。

For starters, unlike most other OECD countries, native-born workers in England are more likely to be overqualified than their foreign-born counterparts.

首先，與大多數其它 OECD 不同的是，英國本土出生的工人比外國出生的工人更有可能學歷過高。

And there's also less of a relationship between the amount of time you've spent in education and your odds of being overqualified.

而且受教育時間的長短與學歷過高的機率之間的關係也較小。

In other words, spending more years in education only slightly increases your odds of ending up overqualified.

換句話說，多花幾年時間接受教育只會略微增加你最終學歷過高的機率。

At first glance, this might sound like a good thing and seems to imply that education is still worth it in the UK.

乍聽之下，這可能是件好事，似乎意味著英國的教育仍然值得一讀。

However, what this probably actually means is that the UK's overqualification crisis is so bad that it's not just people with postgrad degrees who are ending up overqualified.

不過，這實際上可能意味著，英國的學歷過高危機非常嚴重，以至於不僅僅是擁有研究所學生學位的人最終會學歷過高。

Although that's definitely happening, given that even a large number of Brits in even high-skilled occupations report being overqualified.

儘管這肯定會發生，因為即使是從事高技能職業的大量英國人也報告說自己學歷過高。

But, rather, that basically everyone with any sort of territory education, even if it's just a bachelor's degree, is apparently at risk of ending up in a rubbish job.

而是說，基本上所有受過任何領域教育的人，哪怕只是本科畢業，顯然都有可能最終從事一份垃圾工作。

If people with PhDs, master's degrees, and bachelor's degrees are all ending up overqualified,

如果擁有博士學位、碩士學位和學士學位的人最終都超額完成了學業，

that⏤this weakens the correlation between the number of years someone spends in education and their odds of being overqualified.

這就削弱了受教育年限與超額完成學業機率之間的相關性。

Other studies have come to similar conclusions.

其它研究也得出了類似的結論。

A CIPD study from 2022, for instance, found that undergraduates were actually more likely to report being overqualified than postgraduates,

例如，CIPD 在 2022 年進行的一項研究發現，與研究所學生相比，大學生實際上更有可能報告自己學歷過高，

with 36% of undergraduates saying they were overqualified compared to 29% of postgraduates and 27% of people without a university degree.

36% 的大學生說自己學歷過高，而研究所學生和沒有大學學位的人分別為 29% 和 27%。

Unsurprisingly, being overqualified isn't fun.

不出所料，學歷過高並不好玩。

Overqualified workers are less likely to report high life satisfaction, and overqualification can become a chronic condition if it's not remedied early on.

學歷過高的工人不太可能報告較高的生活滿意度，如果不及早補救，學歷過高可能會成為一種慢性病。

Often, people who fall into a job below their qualification level struggle to move up the job ladder and get stuck with a string of low-skilled jobs, leaving them chronically overqualified.

通常情況下，從事低於自身學歷工作的人很難在工作階梯上更上一層樓，只能從事一連串低技能的工作，使他們長期處於資格過高的狀態。

This is why, for instance, the fraction of people who report being overqualified is broadly stable across age groups.

例如，這就是為什麼不同年齡段的人中，報告學歷過高的比例大體穩定的原因。

The CIPD study, for instance, found that 38% of 18- to 24-year-olds reported being overqualified, compared with 38% of those aged 35 to 44 and 42% of the over-55s.

例如，CIPD 的研究發現，在 18-24 歲的年輕人中，38% 的人稱自己學歷過高，而在 35-44 歲的年輕人中，這一比例為 38%，在 55 歲以上的年輕人中，這一比例為 42%。

Overqualified workers also suffer a significant wage penalty.

學歷過高的工人也會受到嚴重的工資懲罰。

On average, across the OECD, overqualified workers are paid 12% less, but this wage penalty rises to nearly 20% in England.

平均而言，在整個經合組織，高學歷工人的工資要低 12%，但在英格蘭，這種工資懲罰上升到近 20%。

Similarly, just 13% of overqualified workers make over £40,000 a year, compared to 50% of correctly qualified workers.

同樣，僅有 13% 的學歷過高的工人年薪超過 40,000 英鎊，而學歷合格的工人中，年薪超過 40,000 英鎊的佔 50%。

This is one of the big reasons that the so-called graduate premium has declined steeply over the past few decades.

這也是過去幾十年來所謂的畢業生溢價急劇下降的重要原因之一。

According to research by the HESA, graduates born in 1970 earned around 17% more than non-graduates once they were out of uni.

根據高等教育服務管理局（HESA）的研究，1970 年出生的畢業生一旦走出大學校門，其收入比非畢業生高出約 17%。

But for those born in 1990, who would have generally left uni in the early 2010s, this graduate premium had fallen to 10% and had essentially disappeared for graduates with two 2s.

但是，對於 1990 年出生的學生（他們一般在 2010 年代初離開大學）來說，這種畢業生溢價下降到了 10%，而對於獲得兩個 2 分的畢業生來說，這種溢價基本消失了。

Anyway, lower wages also make it harder for graduates to pay off student loans.

總之，工資降低也使畢業生更難償還學生貸款。

Of course, this puts yet more strain on graduates, who leave uni today with an average of about £45,000 in student loan debt,

當然，這也給畢業生帶來了更大的壓力，如今，他們離開大學時平均要揹負約 4.5 萬英鎊的學生貸款債務，

and face marginal tax rates as high as 70% if they end up having kids.

如果最終有了孩子，還要面臨高達 70% 的邊際稅率。

But it's also regressive, because people from disadvantaged backgrounds are more likely to end up overqualified, and therefore struggle to pay off their loans.

但這也是一種倒退，因為出身不利的人更有可能最終獲得過高的資格，從而難以償還貸款。

And bad news for the government, which is relying on a steady stream of student loan repayments to buffer the public finances in the coming decades.

這對政府來說也是個壞消息，因為未來幾十年，政府需要依靠源源不斷的學生貸款還款來緩衝公共財政。

And finally, it's bad for the economy overall.

最後，這對整體經濟不利。

When the government started pushing students to go to university in the '90s,

1990 年代，政府開始推動學生上大學，

the assumption was that the availability of a more highly qualified workforce would, in turn, generate the creation of more highly skilled jobs,

當時的假設是，擁有更多高素質的勞動力反過來會創造出更多高技能的工作崗位，

and lead to associated increases in productivity.

進而提高生產率。

But this hasn't happened.

但這並沒有發生。

The UK economy just hasn't created enough high-skilled jobs, and many degrees are essentially being wasted,

英國經濟沒有創造出足夠的高技能工作崗位，許多學位基本上被浪費掉了，

which is one of the big reasons that UK productivity growth has been so weak.

這也是英國生產力增長如此疲軟的重要原因之一。

So, you get the idea.

所以你明白了吧。

Lots of Brits are overqualified, and this is bad for them, the government, and the economy more generally.

很多英國人學歷過高，這對他們、政府和整個經濟都不利。

So, how can it be fixed?

那麼，如何解決這個問題呢？

Well, a lot of people like the idea of shifting would-be graduates onto apprenticeships, which doesn't seem like a bad idea.

很多人喜歡把即將畢業的學生轉為學徒，這似乎並不是一個壞主意。

Proponents of this sort of thing note that apprenticeships and the jobs they lead on to are remarkably well-paid these days,

這種做法的支持者指出，如今學徒制和學徒制所帶來的工作收入都非常可觀，

and there's a sense that the graduate population might have grown too fast.

而且有一種感覺是，畢業生人數可能增長得太快了。

Similarly, quite a lot of people like the idea of changing what graduates are studying.

同樣，很多人喜歡改變畢業生所學專業的想法。

Right-wing commentators, for instance, sometimes suggest that this mismatch would be resolved if uni students stopped studying fluffy degrees like philosophy or gender studies,

比如右翼評論家有時會說，這種不匹配問題可以迎刃而解的方式是，如果大學學生不再學習哲學或性別研究等花哨的專業，

and, instead, went for more in-demand degrees like engineering or economics.

而是學習工程學或經濟學等更緊俏的專業。

Leaving aside the question of whether or not engineering degrees are really more valuable than philosophy degrees,

姑且不論工程學學位是否真的比哲學學位更有價值，要確保人們攻讀僱主真正需要的學位，

the cleanest way to make sure people were doing degrees that employers actually want would be to let degrees better reflect their market value by removing the tuition cap.

最簡潔的方法就是取消學費上限，讓學位更好地反映其市場價值。

But this isn't a popular idea, not least because it risks entrenching inequality by making the most valuable degrees only available to the richest students.

但這個想法並不受歡迎，尤其是因為它有可能使最富有的學生才能獲得最有價值的學位，從而加劇不平等。

Perhaps the best solution, however, would just be to get the UK economy growing again, especially outside of London, which has essentially monopolised all the good jobs.

不過，最好的解決辦法也許只是讓英國經濟重新增長，尤其是在倫敦以外的地區，因為倫敦基本上壟斷了所有的好工作。

This would create more well-paid jobs, solving the mismatch by increasing the number of jobs rather than decreasing the number of graduates.

這將創造更多高薪工作崗位，通過增加工作崗位數量而不是減少畢業生數量來解決不匹配問題。

Getting the economy growing could prove difficult.

要實現經濟增長可能很難。

Despite it being a core focus of the UK government, the UK economy actually contracted by 0.1% in October.

儘管這是英國政府關注的核心問題，但 10 月份英國經濟實際收縮了 0.1%。

This has been covered extensively by more than 92 news outlets.

超過 92 家新聞機構對此進行了廣泛報導。

22% of the reporting is coming from the left, and 44% is coming from the right.

22% 的報導來自左翼，44% 來自右翼。

If you compare the headlines, you'll start to see some interesting framing emerge,

如果您比較一下新聞標題，就會發現一些有趣的框架出現了，

with right-wing outlets hammering the Chancellor for this issue, and even claiming that it might be evidence of a recession.

右翼媒體在這個問題上抨擊大臣，甚至聲稱這可能是經濟衰退的證據。

This is all possible thanks to our sponsor Ground News, a website and app developed by a former NASA engineer on a mission to give readers an easy, data-driven, objective way to read the news.

這一切都要歸功於我們的贊助商 Ground News，這是一個由前 NASA 工程師開發的網站和應用程序，旨在為讀者提供一種簡單、數據驅動、客觀的新聞閱讀方式。

They pull in stories from all over the world and organise them by story, and every story comes with a quick visual breakdown of the political bias, factuality, and ownership of the sources reporting,

他們從世界各地收集新聞，並按新聞內容進行分類，每篇新聞都附有快速的可視化分類，包括報導來源的政治偏見、事實真相和所有權，

all backed by ratings from three independent news monitoring organisations.

所有這些都有三家獨立新聞監測機構的評級作為支持。

One of my favourite features is their Blindspot feed, which shows you stories under-reported by one side of the political spectrum or the other.

我最喜歡的功能之一是他們的 Blindspot 推送，它可以向您展示政治光譜中某一方或另一方報導不足的故事。

For example, if you lean left, you might have missed this story about North Korean special forces accidentally killing eight Russian troops in Ukraine.

例如，如果你偏左，你可能會錯過北韓特種部隊在烏克蘭誤殺八名俄羅斯阿兵哥的新聞。

Now, as an impartial news outlet, we're passionate about informing our viewers about bias and helping them to understand how it affects the media they consume.

作為一個公正的新聞媒體，我們熱衷於讓觀眾瞭解偏見，幫助他們理解偏見如何影響他們所消費的媒體。

Ground News is very effective at this, showing you exactly how each side of the political divide covers each story you see online.

Ground News 在這方面非常有效，它能準確地向你展示政治分歧的每一方是如何報導你在網上看到的每條新聞的。

And, best of all, we're currently offering viewers 50% off their Vantage plan, which includes unlimited access to all of their amazing features, like their Blindspot feed.

最重要的是，我們目前正在為觀眾提供 Vantage 套餐半價優惠，該套餐包括無限制地訪問他們的所有精彩功能，比如他們的 Blindspot feed。

This is their biggest discount of the year, so go to ground.news/tldr, click the QR code here on screen, or use the link in the description to subscribe today.

這是他們今年最大的折扣，請訪問 ground.news/tldr，點螢幕上的 QR code，或使用說明中的連結立即訂閱。