from the Armed Islamic Group with a paring knife?

免受伊斯蘭武裝組織傷害， 就憑一支水果刀嗎？

That was the question I faced

這是我曾面對的問題，

one Tuesday morning in June of 1993,

那是 1993 年 6 月某個星期二的早晨，

when I was a law student.

當時我還是法律系學生。

I woke up early that morning

那天早上我起得早，

in Dad's apartment

我在父親的公寓裡，

on the outskirts of Algiers, Algeria,

在阿爾及利亞的阿爾及爾郊區，

to an unrelenting pounding on the front door.

前門不斷傳來重擊聲。

It was a season as described by a local paper

地方報形容這個季節

when every Tuesday a scholar fell

每週二都會有位學者

to the bullets of fundamentalist assassins.

死在基本教義派刺客的子彈下。

My father's university teaching of Darwin

我父親在大學教的達爾文課程

had already provoked a classroom visit

激怒了一位旁聽者，

from the head of the so-called Islamic Salvation Front,

他來自所謂的伊斯蘭拯救陣線總部，

who denounced Dad as an advocate of biologism

譴責我父親是生物中心論的擁護者之後，

before Dad had ejected the man,

我父親才將他趕出教室。

and now whoever was outside

而現在不管門外站的是誰，

would neither identify himself nor go away.

他都不會表明身分，也不會離開。

So my father tried to get the police on the phone,

我父親試著打電話叫警察，

but perhaps terrified by the rising tide

但也許警察被高漲的情勢嚇到，

of armed extremism that had already claimed

因為武裝極端主義已經奪去

the lives of so many Algerian officers,

非常多阿爾及利亞警官的性命，

they didn't even answer.

沒有人接聽電話。

And that was when I went to the kitchen,

那時我去廚房，

got out a paring knife,

拿出一支水果刀，

and took up a position inside the entryway.

在大門前擺好姿勢。

It was a ridiculous thing to do, really,

其實做這件事很蠢，

but I couldn't think of anything else,

但我想不到還能做什麼，

and so there I stood.

只好就站在那。

When I look back now, I think that that was the moment

現在回過頭看，我想就是那一刻

that set me on the path was to writing a book

讓我決定寫一本書，

called "Your Fatwa Does Not Apply Here:

書名是《你的伊斯蘭教令不適用於此：

Untold Stories from the Fight Against Muslim Fundamentalism."

對抗伊斯蘭教基本教義派 不為人知的故事》。

The title comes from a Pakistani play.

標題源自於巴基斯坦戲劇。

I think it was actually that moment

我想正是那個時刻

that sent me on the journey

讓我展開一段旅程，

to interview 300 people of Muslim heritage

訪問三百位穆斯林出身的人，

from nearly 30 countries,

他們來自三十個國家，

from Afghanistan to Mali,

從阿富汗到馬利，

to find out how they fought fundamentalism

我找出他們如何 和平對抗基本教義派，

peacefully like my father did,

就跟我父親一樣，

and how they coped with the attendant risks.

以及他們如何設法解決 伴隨而來的風險。

Luckily, back in June of 1993,

幸運的是，1993 年 6 月

our unidentified visitor went away,

那位未表明身分的訪客離開了，

but other families were so much less lucky,

但其他家庭可沒那麼幸運，

and that was the thought that motivated my research.

就是這個想法驅使我做研究。

In any case, someone would return

無論是哪種情況， 幾個月後都會有人回來，

a few months later and leave a note

在我父親的餐桌上留張紙條，

on Dad's kitchen table,

上面寫著：「準備幫自己辦後事。」

which simply said, "Consider yourself dead."

隨後，阿爾及利亞的 基本教義派武裝團體

Subsequently, Algeria's fundamentalist armed groups

謀殺二十萬名老百姓，

would murder as many as 200,000 civilians

這是後來我們所知

in what came to be known

1990 年代的黑暗十年，

as the dark decade of the 1990s,

亡者包括你在這裡可以 看到的每一位女性。

including every single one

而在嚴酷的反恐對策中，

of the women that you see here.

政府訴諸酷刑與強迫失蹤，

In its harsh counterterrorist response,

和這些事件一樣恐怖的是

the state resorted to torture

國際間大多忽視他們。

and to forced disappearances,

最後，我的父親， 身為教授的阿爾及利亞農民之子，

and as terrible as all of these events became,

被迫停止在大學教書，

the international community largely ignored them.

並要他的從公寓消失，

Finally, my father, an Algerian peasant's son turned professor,

但我永遠忘不了的是

was forced to stop teaching at the university

馬福．班努尼，我的父親，

and to flee his apartment,

就像許多阿爾及利亞的知識分子一樣

but what I will never forget

拒絕離開祖國，

about Mahfoud Bennoune, my dad,

而且他持續發表尖銳評論，

was that like so many other Algerian intellectuals,

他們與基本教義派作戰，

he refused to leave the country

也不時與政府作戰。

and he continued to publish pointed criticisms,

例如《國家報》1994 年 11 月的系列報導

both of the fundamentalists

題為＜基本教義派如何 無先例地製造出恐怖主義＞

and sometimes of the government they battled.

他譴責所謂的

For example, in a November 1994 series

恐怖主義激進分子破壞了

in the newspaper El Watan

長久以來先民遵循的伊斯蘭真理。

entitled "How Fundamentalism

這些字眼可能會讓你喪命。

Produced a Terrorism without Precedent,"

我父親的祖國教我，

he denounced what he called

在那黑暗的 90 年代，

the terrorists' radical break with the true Islam

扺抗穆斯林基本教義派的浪潮

as it was lived by our ancestors.

是世界上最重要

These were words that could get you killed.

且被忽視的人權抗爭之一，

My father's country taught me

即使將近二十年後的今日仍是如此。

in that dark decade of the 1990s that

你看，不管在哪個國家

the popular struggle against Muslim fundamentalism

你都會聽到武裝聖戰者

is one of the most important

針對平民百姓，

and overlooked human rights struggles

也有很多手無寸鐵的人民

in the world.

公然反抗那些激進分子，只是你沒聽過，

This remains true today, nearly 20 years later.

那些人需要我們的支持才能成功。

You see, in every country

西方國家通常都認為

where you hear about armed jihadis

穆斯林普遍都會容忍恐怖行動。

targeting civilians,

有些右翼者這樣想是因為他們認為

there are also unarmed people

伊斯蘭教文化與生俱來就很暴力，

defying those militants that you don't hear about,

有些左翼者這樣想是因為

and those people need our support to succeed.

他們認為穆斯林暴力、

In the West, it's often assumed

基本教義派的暴力，

that Muslims generally condone terrorism.

完全是合理的怨憤產物。

Some on the right think this because they view

但這兩種觀點都大錯特錯。

Muslim culture as inherently violent,

事實上許多生來就是伊斯蘭教徒的人

and some on the left imagine this

在世界各地都堅決反對

because they view Muslim violence,

基本主義和恐怖主義，

fundamentalist violence,

而且通常都有很好的理由。

solely as a product of legitimate grievances.

你看，他們更像是暴力受害者，

But both views are dead wrong.

而非加害者。

In fact, many people of Muslim heritage

我舉個例子。

around the world are staunch opponents

根據一份 2009 年

both of fundamentalism and of terrorism,

阿拉伯語的媒體調查，

and often for very good reason.

在 2004 年到 2008 年間，

You see, they're much more likely to be victims

蓋達組織的受害者中，不到 15%

of this violence than its perpetrators.

是歐美人。

Let me just give you one example.

那是很恐怖的死亡人數，

According to a 2009 survey

但大多數人生下來就是穆斯林，

of Arabic language media resources,

卻被穆斯林基本主義者所殺害。

between 2004 and 2008,

我已經談了五分鐘基本教義派，

no more than 15 percent of al Qaeda's victims

而你們有權知道

were Westerners.

我真正要傳達的意思。

That's a terrible toll, but the vast majority

我引用的定義出自

were people of Muslim heritage,

阿爾及利亞社會學家 瑪麗梅．艾利．魯卡斯，

killed by Muslim fundamentalists.

她說眾多的基本教義派，

Now I've been talking for the last five minutes

注意「眾多」，

about fundamentalism, and you have a right to know

在全世界的重要宗教傳統中，

exactly what I mean.

「眾多的基本教義派 都是極右派的政治運動，

I cite the definition given by the Algerian sociologist

在全球化的背景下

Marieme Helie Lucas,

操控宗教，

and she says that fundamentalisms,

來達成他們的政治目的。」

note the "s," so within all of the world's

薩迪亞．阿巴斯稱此為

great religious traditions,

宗教理論的極端政治化。

"fundamentalisms are political movements of the extreme right

我想儘量避免投射出某種想法，

which in a context of globalization

那就是有種龐大的組織

manipulate religion in order to achieve

稱為穆斯林基本教義派，在各地都一樣，

their political aims."

因為這些運動也各有不同。

Sadia Abbas has called this the radical politicization

有一些使用與提倡暴力，

of theology.

有些則不然，雖然他們常相互影響。

Now I want to avoid projecting the notion

他們都有不同的形式。

that there's sort of a monolith out there

有些也許是非政府組織，

called Muslim fundamentalism that is the same everywhere,

即使在英國這裡， 像是伊斯蘭教囚犯組織。

because these movements also have their diversities.

有些則成為政黨，

Some use and advocate violence.

像是穆斯林兄弟會，

Some do not, though they're often interrelated.

有些可能是公開的武裝團體，

They take different forms.

像是塔利班。

Some may be non-governmental organizations,

但不論是哪一種，這些都是激進的化身。

even here in Britain like Cageprisoners.

那不是保守或傳統的手段，

Some may become political parties,

也往往改變大眾與伊斯蘭教的關係，

like the Muslim Brotherhood,

而非保護這段關係。

and some may be openly armed groups

我指的是穆斯林的極右派，

like the Taliban.

以及它的追隨者

But in any case, these are all radical projects.

自稱是穆斯林的這個事實，

They're not conservative or traditional approaches.

不會讓他們的攻擊性

They're most often about changing people's relationship with Islam

少於任何地方的極右派人士。

rather than preserving it.

因此在我看來，如果我們自認為

What I am talking about is the Muslim extreme right,

自由主義者或左派人士，

and the fact that its adherents are

愛好人權者或女性主義者，

or purport to be Muslim

我們都必須反對這些運動，

makes them no less offensive

並支持反抗他們的平民百姓。

than the extreme right anywhere else.

我先聲明，

So in my view, if we consider ourselves

我支持實際的抗爭

liberal or left-wing,

來抵抗基本教義派，

human rights-loving or feminist,

但抗爭也一定要

we must oppose these movements

尊重國際法，

and support their grassroots opponents.

因此我所說的一切都不應該被視為

Now let me be clear

拒絕民主化的辯解，

that I support an effective struggle

在此，我要公開聲援

against fundamentalism,

今天在阿爾及利亞 巴拉卡的親民主運動。

but also a struggle that must itself

我所說的一切也不該被視為

respect international law,

侵犯人權的辯解，

so nothing I am saying should be taken

像是本週前幾天 在埃及的大批死刑宣判。

as a justification for refusals

我想表達的是

to democratize,

我們必須挑戰這些 穆斯林基本教義派的運動，

and here I send out a shout-out of support

因為他們危害人權，

to the pro-democracy movement in Algeria today, Barakat.

充斥在以穆斯林為主的社會中，

Nor should anything I say be taken

他們運用各種方式，

as a justification of violations of human rights,

直接攻擊平民百姓， 最顯見的就是

like the mass death sentences

透過武裝團體執行各種任務。

handed out in Egypt earlier this week.

但那樣的暴力只是冰山一角。

But what I am saying

這些運動普遍都宣揚

is that we must challenge these Muslim fundamentalist movements

歧視宗教弱勢與性別弱勢。

because they threaten human rights

他們企圖削減大家的宗教自由，

across Muslim-majority contexts,

針對那些用不同方式實踐

and they do this in a range of ways,

或是選擇不去實踐的人。

most obviously with the direct attacks on civilians

最明確的是，

by the armed groups that carry those out.

他們引領對女權的全面戰爭。

But that violence is just the tip of the iceberg.

面對近年來的這些運動，

These movements as a whole purvey discrimination

西方論述最常提出

against religious minorities and sexual minorities.

兩種錯誤的反應。

They seek to curtail the freedom of religion

第一種，時常出自右翼人士，

of everyone who either practices in a different way

他們會說大多數的穆斯林 都是基本主義者，

or chooses not to practice.

或和伊斯蘭教有關的事 骨子裡都是基本教義派，

And most definingly, they lead an all-out war

這很冒犯，也不正確，

on the rights of women.

但不幸的是，從左翼者那邊也常碰到

Now, faced with these movements

一種過於政治正確的說法，

in recent years, Western discourse

以致於完全無法承認 穆斯林基本教義的問題，

has most often offered

更糟的是，無法為問題致歉，

two flawed responses.

這也讓人無法接受。

The first that one sometimes finds on the right

因此我想找的是一種新的方式，

suggests that most Muslims are fundamentalist

能夠一併討論所有問題，

or something about Islam is inherently fundamentalist,

並且是根植在生活經驗中，

and this is just offensive and wrong,

以及前線人們的希望之中。

but unfortunately on the left one sometimes encounters

我很痛苦地意識到

a discourse that is too politically correct

近年來對穆斯林的歧視與日俱增，

to acknowledge the problem of Muslim fundamentalism at all

像是在英國、美國，

or, even worse, apologizes for it,

這也是極度令人憂心的問題，

and this is unacceptable as well.

但我堅信

So what I'm seeking is a new way

訴說這些不同於刻板印象、

of talking about this all together,

關於穆斯林的故事，

which is grounded in the lived experiences

他們對抗基本主義者，

and the hope of the people on the front lines.

且成為首當其衝的受害者，

I'm painfully aware that there has been

述說他們的故事 也是種反抗歧視的好方式。

an increase in discrimination against Muslims in recent years

因此，現在讓我為各位介紹四個人，

in countries like the U.K. and the U.S.,

我很榮幸能與各位分享他們的故事。

and that too is a matter of grave concern,

法山．皮扎達與以他父親為名的 拉菲皮爾劇院工作坊，

but I firmly believe

已多年在巴基斯坦推廣表演藝術。

that telling these counter-stereotypical stories

隨著聖戰暴力的崛起，

of people of Muslim heritage

他們開始被威脅終止活動，

who have confronted the fundamentalists

但他們拒絕服從。

and been their primary victims

因此，一枚炸彈攻擊了

is also a great way of countering that discrimination.

2008 年舉行的第八屆 世界拉合爾表演藝術嘉年華，

So now let me introduce you

如雨落下的玻璃碎片

to four people whose stories

在事發現場

I had the great honor of telling.

造成九個人受傷，

Faizan Peerzada and the Rafi Peer Theatre

隨後在同一天晚上，

workshop named for his father

皮扎達做了一個非常艱難的決定，

have for years promoted the performing arts

他們宣布嘉年華

in Pakistan.

隔天如期舉行。

With the rise of jihadist violence,

如同法山當時所說，

they began to receive threats

如果我們對伊斯蘭教徒低頭，

to call off their events, which they refused to heed.

未來就只能坐在陰暗的角落。

And so a bomber struck their 2008

但是他們不知道會發生什麼事，

eighth world performing arts festival in Lahore,

會有人來嗎？

producing rain of glass

事實上，隔天有成千上萬人前來拉合爾

that fell into the venue

支持這場表演藝術，

injuring nine people,

這也讓法山感到激動又害怕，

and later that same night,

他跑到一名帶著兩個孩子 來參加的女士面前，

the Peerzadas made a very difficult decision:

他說：「你知道昨天這裡有炸彈攻擊吧？

they announced that their festival

你知道今天這裡有恐怖威脅吧？」

would continue as planned the next day.

她說：「我知道，

As Faizan said at the time,

但我和母親一起 參加過你辦的嘉年華，

if we bow down to the Islamists,

那時候我和他們一樣小，

we'll just be sitting in a dark corner.

那些影像至今還印在我心上，

But they didn't know what would happen.

我們一定要參加。」

Would anyone come?

有像她這樣勇敢的觀眾，

In fact, thousands of people came out the next day

讓皮扎達最終能 如期完成他們的嘉年華。

to support the performing arts in Lahore,

隔年，

and this simultaneously thrilled

他們失去了所有的贊助商，

and terrified Faizan,

原因是安全考量。

and he ran up to a woman

後來我在 2010 年和他們碰面，

who had come in with her two small children,

他們正在籌辦下一次的活動，

and he said, "You do know there was a bomb here yesterday,

在同一個地方舉辦，

and you do know there's a threat here today."

也就是第九屆的青年表演藝術嘉年華，

And she said, "I know that,

在拉合爾舉行，

but I came to your festival

那年當地已歷經了 44 次的恐怖攻擊。

with my mother when I was their age,

那個時候正是巴基斯坦的塔利班

and I still have those images in my mind.

開始有系統地以女子學校為目標，

We have to be here."

最後引發對馬拉拉的攻擊事件。

With stalwart audiences like this,

皮扎達在那種環境下做了什麼？

the Peerzadas were able to conclude

他們安排了女子校園劇院。

their festival on schedule.

我有幸觀賞《結》，

And then the next year,

那是用旁遮普語表演的歌舞劇，

they lost all of their sponsors

拉合爾文理學校的女學生

due to the security risk.

扮演所有的角色。

So when I met them in 2010,

他們唱歌、跳舞，

they were in the middle of the first subsequent event

扮演老鼠和水牛，