greatest buildings, and I remind you of two of them

here: the Pantheon, on the left-hand side of the

screen, the temple to all the gods,

and then, of course, the Colosseum,

on the right-hand side of the screen.

These are two of the greatest masterworks of Roman

architecture, and we will gain momentum and

work our way up to those in the course of the semester,

but it's not where we're going to begin.

We're not going to begin with these masterworks;

we're going to begin at the beginning.

And the beginning goes way, way back, in fact all the way

to the Iron Age, indeed to the eighth century

B.C.

And we know on precisely what day,

not only the history of Rome but the history of Roman

architecture began, and that was specifically on

the 21^(st) of April in 753 B.C.,

because it was on the 21^(st) of April in 753 B.C.

that, according to legend, Romulus founded the city of

Rome.

Romulus founded the city of Rome on one of Rome's seven

hills, the Palatine Hill.

And I show you here a view of the Palatine Hill.

This is taken from Google Earth.

I urged you last time to make sure that you have Google Earth

downloaded on your computer and to take advantage of using

Google Earth in the course of this semester in order to really

get to know the city of Rome and the location of the various

buildings that we'll be talking about within the city fabric.

So I show you one of these views of the Palatine Hill in

Rome, from Google Earth,

and you can see the relationship of that hill to the

part of Rome in which it finds itself.

You're going to be able to pick all of these buildings out by

yourselves in the very near future, but let me just do that

for you here this morning.

You can see, of course, the Colosseum,

in the upper right corner.

You can see the Roman Forum lying in front of it.

You can see the great--that modern street that you see right

behind the Forum is the Via dei Fori Imperiali,

commissioned by Mussolini, Il Duce.

We can also see in this view the Capitoline Hill with the

oval piazza designed by Michelangelo,

and down here the famous Circus Maximus,

as you can see, the great stadium,

the greatest stadium of Rome.

It wasn't the only stadium of Rome but it was the largest,

and you can see its hairpin shape right down here.

The hill in question right now is the Palatine Hill,

and this is the Palatine Hill, all of this area here.

And as you look down on it, as you gaze down on it,

you will see the remains of a colossal structure,

which is actually a late first-century A.D.

palace that was designed under the direction of the emperor of

Rome at that particular time, a very colorful character that

we'll talk about in some detail later in the term,

by the name of Domitian.

This is Domitian's Palace on the Palatine Hill.

But that discussion of that palace lies in the future.

What I want to say today is miraculously the remains of

Romulus' village on the Palatine Hill,

founded in the eighth century B.C.,

actually lie beneath the remains of the Palace of

Domitian in Rome, and it's to Romulus' huts on

the Palatine Hill that I want to turn to today.

Believe it or not, remains of those huts from the

Iron Age are still there.

Now they don't look like much.

I'm showing you what remains of Romulus' huts right there,

and you're probably having a hard time figuring out exactly

what we're looking at.

But what we're looking at--the architects that were working for

the designers, that were working for Romulus,

were very clever indeed, and they realized that the best

way to create a foundation or a pavement for their huts was to

use the natural rock of the Palatine Hill.

And that's exactly what they did.

What you're looking at here is the tufa, t-u-f-a,

the natural tufa rock of the Palatine Hill.

And what they did was they created a rectangular plan.

They gave it rounded corners and they cut the stone back

about twenty inches down, to create that rectangular

shape; they rounded the corners,

and then they put holes in the tufa rock.

The holes were to support wooden poles that served to

support the superstructure of the hut and also to support the

walls of the hut.

So the pavement of the tufa rock of the Palatine is the

floor of the hut, and then these holes support

the wooden poles that supported, in turn, the superstructure.

I now show you a restored view, on the left.

And you should all have your Monument Lists and should be

able to follow along with the major monuments.

You won't see every image that I'm going to be showing here,

but you'll see a selection there of the ones that you'll

need to learn and be able to talk about for the midterm,

the two midterm exams in this course.

But you'll see there this restored view of one of these

Palatine huts, as well as a view of the model

that one can actually see in the archaeological museum that's on

the Palatine Hill today.

You can see, as you look at this restored

view on the left, you can see that rectangular

plan that we talked about here; you can see the rounded

corners, and you can see the wooden poles that were placed

into those holes to support the walls and the superstructure of

the building.

You can see over here the same, the wooden poles.

This gives you a better sense of what they looked like in

actuality, the wooden poles and also the superstructure.

We also know what the walls were made out of.

They were made out of something--and I put some of the

keywords that might be unfamiliar to you on the

Monument List as well-- they were made out of wattle

and daub.

Well what is wattle and daub?

Wattle and daub is twigs and rods that are covered and

plastered with clay; twigs and rods covered and

plastered with clay.

That served as the walls of the structure, and then the sloping

roof, as you see it here, was thatched.

Now it's very hard--there are no huts that look like this in

Rome still today that I can show you to give you a better sense

of what these would've looked like in antiquity.

But I'm sure you, like I, have seen huts like

this on your travels around the world.

And one example I can show you--and would that we were all

down there right now.

This is a view of a small village in the Maya Riviera,

near Cancun, where one sees,

if you take the bus or a car from Maya to Chichen Itza,

which I hope some of you have had a chance to do.

If you haven't, it's a great trip.

And you can see all along the road huts that look very much

like the huts of Romulus' village,

made out of wood and then with thatched roofs,

as you can see here.

So this is the best I can do in terms of conjuring up for you

Romulus' village.

We also have information with regard to what these huts looked

like in ancient Roman times or-- not in ancient Roman,

in the Iron Age, as I mentioned before.

We have not only the pavement stone that's still preserved,

but we also have these urns.

We call them hut urns, hut urns, because they're urns

in the shape of huts.

And these hut urns were used for cremation,

in the eighth century B.C.--these date also to the

Iron Age-- and the cremated remains of the

individual were placed inside the door of the hut.

And if you look at this hut urn, you'll see that it looks

very similar to the huts of Romulus that we've already been

talking about.

It is either sort of square or rectangular in shape.

It has rounded corners, as you can see here,

and the roof of the hut urn is sloping.

So we do believe we use this, along with the surviving

pavement, to restore what these huts of Romulus looked like in

the eighth century B.C.

Let me also note--it's interesting just to see the

status of men and women in any given civilization at any given

time.

There are essentially two kinds of hut urns from the eighth

century B.C.

Excuse me, there are two kinds of urns in the eighth century

B.C.

One of them is hut urns and the other is helmet urns,

and you can guess, as well as anyone,

as to who was buried in which.

The men were buried in the helmet urns and the women's

remains were placed in the hut urns.

So men's domain was considered the battlefield;

women's domain was considered the house.

But the houses are actually more important in terms of

giving us a sense again of what Romulus' village looked like in

the eighth century.

And if you take one of those huts and you combine it with

another set of huts, you can get a sense of what the

village of Romulus would have looked like in the eighth

century B.C.

This is a model that is on view in the archaeological museum,

on the Palatine Hill today, and it gives you a very good

sense of the village of Romulus in the eighth century.

And of course it was from this village that the great city of

Rome grew, and of course there's a quite

significant difference between Rome as it is now and Rome as it

was in the eighth century B.C.

I'm going to skip a couple of centuries and take us from the

eighth century B.C.

to the sixth century B.C., and talk about what was the

greatest architectural project in the sixth century B.C.

Just a few words about what was going on in the sixth century

B.C.

Those who were ascendant in the sixth century B.C.

were essentially the Etruscans.

The Etruscans lived in what is known as Etruria.

They were a quite advanced civilization prior to the Roman

period, lived in Etruria, which is essentially Tuscany

today.

Etruscan, Tuscany -- Tuscany today.

So the area around Florence and so on and so forth is where many

of these individuals lived.

They became a quite powerful civilization and they were able

to use that power to gain ascendancy also in Rome itself.

And there's a period in which there was a succession of

Etruscan kings who were leading Rome,

and these Etruscan kings eventually kicked out by the

Romans.

But at this time, in the sixth century,

they were extremely important.

And it was under Etruscan supervision and patronage that a

major temple began to be put up in Rome in the sixth century

B.C.; precisely in 509.

It was dedicated in the year 509 B.C., as you can see from

the Monument List.

The temple in question was the Temple of Jupiter Optimus

Maximus Capitolinus.

Now that is a mouthful, and I don't want you to have to

necessarily remember all of that: Jupiter Optimus Maximus

Capitolinus.

So we will call this temple, for all intents and purposes,

the Temple of Jupiter OMC, Jupiter OMC -- Optimus Maximus

Capitolinus.

The Temple of Jupiter OMC was dedicated,

again, in the year 509 B.C., and it was dedicated to

Jupiter, but also to his female

companions, Juno and Minerva.

And when we think of those three, or when those three are

joined together, Jupiter, Juno and Minerva,