We're going to talk about the military, and I'm going to give you some vocabulary to talk

about military and war, armies, etc. Now, the reason we're doing this is because we

actually had a few requests for this type of lesson because if you open the newspaper

today or turn on the TV or the Internet, everything -- everywhere you look at, it's war. Right?

The world is a little bit chaotic right now. It's just chaos everywhere. "Chaos" -- big

mess, big trouble. So it's better that you understand what it is you're looking at, what

it is you're hearing, what it is you're reading, what it is you're talking about. We're going

to look at a few things just to get you a basic understanding of the military. I'm going

to take the American military as an example because they're the biggest, and of course,

they're the most active military right now. The military has four branches -- four parts

to the military. There's the Army, the Marine Corps -- we don't want to say the P or the

S, "Marine corps" -- Navy, Air Force. Army -- these are basically the ground soldiers.

They have the tanks, the big, heavy machine guns, the big anti-tank missiles, all that

stuff. These are the ones that go in and do the land things. They set up the whole -- they

set up the war, basically. They set up the bases.

The Marine Corps, these are the fighting soldiers. Marine from water -- they come in with the

navy. The navy ships them in. They come in, and they go do all the fighting, the deep

fighting. Okay? These are very tough guys. The Navy -- the Navy has the ships, the submarines.

They also have jets. They have Navy pilots because they have those huge aircraft carriers

that carry the planes. The plane can take off in the middle of the sea. And of course,

the Air Force. The Air Force has the jets, the pilots, and all of that stuff.

So these are the branches. Now, if you want to know the ranks, this is the level of the

people in the armies. We have officers, and then, we have the unlisted personnel. The

officers -- the top is the General in the Army and in the Marine corps. In the navy,

they have an admiral. Then, you have a colonel. Although this is an L, it sounds like an R

-- "ker-nel", like popcorn kernel. You have a major; you have a captain; you have a lieutenant.

Now, between these levels, there are all kinds of different ranks. You have a second colonel,

a second lieutenant, etc. then, you have the lower ranks. You have sergeant; you have corporal;

and you have private. "Private" is the absolute lowest you can go. I'm going to use a red

pen from now. Okay. Now, if you want to know what the insignia

-- if you want to know what the stripes or the

shapes on their sleeves are -- or the stars and the bars -- you can look that up online.

Just look for "insignia", "military insignia".

Now, when we talk about soldiers, also -- you're going to see there are a lot of acronyms.

An "acronym" is the first initial of a word. When you have a few words, you take the first

letter of each and put them together. "POW" -- "prisoner of war". So if I'm a soldier

and my enemy catches me and holds me as a hostage, I'm a POW.

"KIA" means "killed in action". So if I go fighting and I'm killed, that's what the military

lists me as, "KIA". "MIA" -- "missing in action". So the army can't find me. They don't know

if I'm alive or dead. So I'm just missing in action. Okay.

When we talk about war, when we talk about armies, we have to talk about weapons, also

called "arms". Okay? Like "arms", except it's an extension of your arm. The gun is an extension

of your arm. So "RPG" -- "rocket-propelled grenade". So a "grenade", as we have here

-- is like a mini bomb. You put it into the gun; you shoot it; it goes, explodes; and

you have shrapnel. "Shrapnel" are little pieces of metal. So when the grenade explodes, all

the little pieces of metal go flying everywhere and kill and destroy.

Then, we have "IED". So non-regulated armies -- when you have fighters who are not in a

regular army but are still fighting, they don't have the money or the know-how, necessarily,

to build all these fancy weapons. So they make "improvised explosive devices". They

take whatever they can find -- some fuel, some pieces of metal, a pipe, put it together,

put it on the side of the road, and when the enemy comes, it explodes.

Now, again, you're going to hear -- you're going to read newspapers. You're going to

hear all these words. You're going to hear "rocket", "missile", and "mortar". And you're

going to wonder what's the difference. So I'll tell you. A "rocket" is, basically, something

that is shot from a launcher. So "launch" is a good word. "Launch" means send out or

shoot. A rocket is launched. A rocket has its own fuel. So once you shoot it, then,

the rocket starts using its fuel, and it flies further. It can go 50, 100, 150, 200 kilometers.

The thing about a rocket is that it is "aimed". You know generally where you want to go. You

aim it, shoot it, and hope it gets there. A "missile", on the other hand, is "guided".

So a missile is like a rocket, but it's bigger; it has more fuel; it can fly much further.

There's something called a "ballistic missile", which can fly halfway around the world. These

are huge missiles. And they're guided. Is means there are computer chips inside, and

somebody back at the base, the army base, can sit there on the computer and tell the

missile where to go, and it hits exactly where you want it to. So that's the difference between

"rocket" and "missile".

A "mortar" is also just aimed. But a mortar is like a big bullet. It's like -- however

big it is, you drop it into its launcher; it pops the fuel or gunpowder -- whatever.

And it just flies. It's lobbed. It means it just -- and again, you hope it lands where

you want it to land. Of course, bullet is in the gun.

Then, you have a lot of anti stuff. "Anti-tank missile", "anti-aircraft missile". So basically,

whatever it is you want to destroy, you have a missile and a launcher for that.

"Grenade", we spoke about.

Then, there's "sanctions". Now, "sanctions" are not a physical weapon. Sanctions are what

a government can do to another government to hurt it. Okay? So for example, if you go

to the U.N.'s Security Council and you say, "These people are behaving bad. We want to

stop all their banks from making trades. We want to not allow them to export their oil

or their gas or their fruit or their -- whatever they have." So "sanctions" are restrictions.

And this is an economic weapon. It's not a physical weapon. You can't see it. You can't

touch it. But it could be very devastating. It could do a lot of damage.

So now, I have a few more random vocabulary words for you. Again you're going to hear

a lot about these in the news. A "ceasefire" basically means "cease fire", "stop shooting".

So a "ceasefire" means everybody just stops shooting. Just relax. Wait a second. A "truce"

means a long ceasefire. It means you stop shooting for a long time, and maybe you're

going to start talking. Then, if you make an agreement, you sign a treaty. A "treaty"

is like a contract, but it's between countries. Peace treaty, trade treaty, etc. "UNSC" -- "United

Nations Security Council". Okay. "Boot camp" -- when these guys join -- the privates, they

join the army; they join the Marine Corps, for example -- they go to boot camp. This

is where they get trained. Now, this word is used often these days for exercise. For

example, a yoga boot camp, a Pilates boot camp -- it means you come; we exercise like

crazy and lose pounds and again muscle and everybody's happy. In the army, just training

to go fight. The person who trains you is called a "drill sergeant". So it's the same,

"sergeant", but a very specific one. He trains you. He's the trainer. "Troops" -- these are

all troops. All soldiers are called "troops". Okay? But if you're not in a regular army,

then, there are different words to talk about you as a non-regular army person.

Let's see some more words.

Okay. So we have a few more words here to look at. I've got my black pen back by magic,

somehow. A few things -- a few people that you need to know in the military besides troops.

"Guerilla" -- "guerillas" are basically soldiers who are not part of a regular army. They're

actually the same as "militants". You can call them "guerillas"; you can call them "militants".

It's "guerilla warfare", which means you're not fighting by the standard rules of engagement,

by the standard rules of war. Guerillas don't have rules. They do what they need to do to

win, and the same with militants. The group of militants is called a "militia". Okay.

That's just the group.

Now, of course you have -- in a war, you have an enemy. But you also have an "ally" or "allies"

if you have more than one. Now, and then you have a "coalition". When you create a group

-- of nations, especially -- or groups that join together for a common fight, that is

a "coalition". So you hear a lot about that in the news as well.

Now, you're going to hear about "battle". You're going to hear "conflict". And you're

going to hear "war". A "war" is made up of many battles. You have a little battle here;

you have a little battle here; you have a little battle here; and together, you have

a war. Now, a lot of times, you're going to hear about a "conflict". Technically, a "conflict"

is a polite word for "war". The reason they use "conflict" and not "war" is because of

the legal system. If you say "war", there are different laws that apply. If you say

"conflict", it just means you're having a little bit of trouble with your neighbor.

You're bombing them. They're bombing you. But it's just a conflict. You know, you'll

make up soon; you'll be friends soon. So it's a polite way to say "war" without the legal obligations.

Now, when you talk about war, again, you have an "offensive". An "offensive" is when you

attack. A "counter-offensive" is when the other side attacks back. So you start an offensive;

you start to attack; you're trying to advance on your enemy's territory. They're counter-attacking,

trying to "repel" you, to push you back. Now, if you have an "incursion", it means you've

entered the enemy's territory; you were able to get inside. "Incursion" means get inside.

Now, if you go in and you're able to destroy a lot and kill a lot of people, then, we call

this situation an "onslaught". You're advancing and killing and destroying as you go.

Again, none of this is good stuff, but it's in the news. You probably need to know what

they're talking about. You might hear this expression often: "boots on the ground" or

"ground forces". Most wars these days -- we're very technologically advanced, so most wars

are from the sky and from computers. But if you send soldiers into a territory, then,

you are putting boots -- like, boots, shoes -- on the ground, soldiers. Boots on the ground

-- soldiers. Ground forces -- soldiers, walking in, guns, knives, RPGs, whatever it takes.

There you go. If you need to talk about war or about the military you have some vocabulary

now. You can always go to www.engvid.com and do the quiz. Make sure you understand all

these words. If you have any questions, please ask in the comments section. Please do not

bring politics into the comments section. This is about English and only English. We

don't need to make any comments about anything. Ask your English questions. Help each other

with the English, and everybody will be okay. You can read newspapers. Watch CNN if that's

what gets you going. And it's all good. Okay. I'll see you again soon.