in a balmy winter afternoon in São Paulo, Brazil,

在巴西聖保羅的一個溫暖冬日午後，

a typical South American winter afternoon,

一個典型的南美洲冬天午後，

this kid, this young man that you see celebrating here

這個孩子，如你所看到的

like he had scored a goal,

像是他射了門般地慶祝的年輕人，

Juliano Pinto, 29 years old, accomplished a magnificent deed.

29 歲的朱利亞諾·平托完成了一個偉大的創舉。

Despite being paralyzed

雖然他全身癱瘓

and not having any sensation from mid-chest to the tip of his toes

而且從胸部到腳尖都沒有任何知覺。

as the result of a car crash six years ago that killed his brother

這是 6 年前的一場車禍造成同時也奪去他弟弟的生命，

and produced a complete spinal cord lesion that left Juliano in a wheelchair,

車禍造成脊椎損傷，讓朱利亞諾·平托必需依靠輪椅，

Juliano raise to the occasion, and on this day did something

朱利亞諾克服萬難，並在這一天，

that pretty much everybody that saw him in the six years deemed impossible.

做了一件在這六年內看到他的人都覺得不可思議的事情。

Juliano Pinto delivered the opening kick

朱利亞諾·平托在巴西

of the 2014 Brazilian World Soccer Cup here

替 2014 年世界足球盃開球，

just by thinking.

僅僅透過他腦中的思考來達成。

He could not move his body,

他無法移動他的身體，

but he could imagine the movements needed to kick a ball.

但他卻可以想像踢球需要的動作。

He was an athlete before the lesion. He's a para-athlete right now.

他在脊椎損傷之前是個運動員，他現在是個殘障運動員。

He's going to be in the Paralympic Games, I hope, in a couple years.

他即將進入殘障奧運會比賽，我希望能在幾年內達成。

But what the spinal cord lesion did not rob from Juliano

脊椎損傷並沒有奪走朱利亞諾

was his ability to dream.

實現夢想的能力。

And dream he did that afternoon, for a stadium of about 75,000 people

在那個下午他夢想成真，在容納七萬五千人的體育場內，

and an audience of close to a billion watching on TV.

還有在將近十億電視機前的觀眾。

And that kick crowned, basically, 30 years of basic research

那關鍵一踢，基本上，表揚了三十年來

studying how the brain,

對於腦部的基礎研究，

how this amazing universe that we have between our ears

這個我們兩耳間的神奇宇宙，是如何運作的研究。

that is only comparable to universe that we have above our head

它是唯一能和我們頭頂上的宇宙媲美的，

because it has about 100 billion elements

因為它有大約有千億個元素，

talking to each other through electrical brainstorms,

互相透過腦內的電子流溝通著，

what Juliano accomplished took 30 years to imagine in laboratories

讓朱利亞諾達成夢想花了三十年在實驗室的構思，

and about 15 years to plan.

和大概十五年的計畫。

When John Chapin and I, 15 years ago, proposed in a paper

當約翰·蔡平和我在十五年前在一篇論文中提出

that we would build something that we called a brain-machine interface,

我們應該建造一種叫做「腦機介面」的東西，

meaning connecting a brain to devices

意思是連接頭腦和裝置，

so that animals and humans could just move these devices,

讓動物和人類可以移動這些裝置，

no matter how far they are from their own bodies,

不論這些裝置離自己的身體有多遠，

just by imagining what they want to do,

只要透過思考來達到他們想做的事，

our colleagues told us that we actually needed professional help,

我們的同事當時跟我們說我們需要來自精神醫學

of the psychiatry variety.

的專業協助。

And despite that, a Scot and a Brazilian persevered,

儘管如此，一個蘇格蘭人和巴西人的堅持，

because that's how we were raised in our respective countries,

因為那是我們在我們的國家從小所接受的觀念，

and for 12, 15 years,

而接下來 12，15 年中，

we made demonstration after demonstration suggesting that this was possible.

我們做出一次次的實驗，證明這是可行的。

And a brain-machine interface is not rocket science,

而一個腦機介面並不像是火箭科學，

it's just brain research.

它只是個腦部研究。

It's nothing but using sensors

它只是利用感測器

to read the electrical brainstorms that a brain is producing

讀懂大腦所產生的電子流

to generate the motor commands

以下達運動命令

that have to be downloaded to the spinal cord,

而這指令需要傳至脊椎。

so we projected sensors that can read

所以我們設計了可以同時讀懂

hundreds and now thousands of these brain cells simultaneously,

幾百種，現在是數千種腦細胞的感測器，

and extract from these electrical signals

並從電子訊號中知道

the motor planning that the brain is generating

大腦正在產生的動作計畫

to actually make us move into space.

讓我們移動到對的位置。

And by doing that, we converted these signals into digital commands

如此一來，我們把這些訊息轉換成數字指令，

that any mechanical, electronic, or even a virtual device can understand

讓任何機械、電子、甚至虛擬設備能理解，

so that the subject can imagine what he, she or it wants to make move,

使得個體可以想像他或她想做的動作，

and the device obeys that brain command.

這個設備就會服從大腦的命令。

By sensorizing these devices with lots of different types of sensors,

藉著在這些有很多感測器的設備加上感知能力，

as you are going to see in a moment,

正如你們等一下就會看到的，

we actually sent messages back to the brain to confirm

我們事實上是把訊息傳回給大腦來確認，

that that voluntary motor will was being enacted, no matter where --

隨意移動意志會被啟動，不管在哪裡，

next to the subject, next door, or across the planet.

像是在個體旁邊、隔壁、或是地球的另一端。

And as this message feedback back to the brain,

而當這個訊息被回饋給大腦時，

the brain realized its goal: to make us move.

大腦就會發現他的目標是要讓我們移動。

So this is just one experiment that we published a few years ago,

這是幾年前我們發表的一個實驗，

where a monkey, without moving its body,

實驗中一隻猴子不用透過移動牠的身體

learned to control the movements of an avatar arm,

可以控制一個虛擬手臂的動作，

a virtual arm that doesn't exist.

這個虛擬手臂並不真的存在。

What you're listening to is the sound of the brain of this monkey

你現在聽到的是這隻猴子大腦所發出的聲音

as it explores three different visually identical spheres

在虛擬空間裡探索三個看起來

in virtual space.

相同的球體。

And to get a reward, a drop of orange juice that monkeys love,

猴子得到的獎賞是一滴牠喜歡的柳橙汁，

this animal has to detect, select one of these objects

這隻動物需要偵查，透過觸碰

by touching,

選取其中一個物體，

not by seeing it, by touching it,

不是透過觀看，而是透過觸摸，

because every time this virtual hand touches one of the objects,

因為每一次這個虛擬的手碰到任一個物品時，

an electrical pulse goes back to the brain of the animal

一個電脈衝會傳回動物的大腦

describing the fine texture of the surface of this object,

描述這個物品的表面材質，

so the animal can judge what is the correct object that he has to grab,

所以牠才能判斷哪一個才是牠要拿的正確物品，

and if he does that, he gets a reward without moving a muscle.

如果拿對了，牠可以不動用肌肉就獲得獎賞。

The perfect Brazilian lunch:

一個完美的巴西式午餐：

not moving a muscle and getting your orange juice.

不動用肌肉就獲得你的柳橙汁。

So as we saw this happening,

當我們看見發生這種事情，

we actually came and proposed the idea that we had published 15 years ago.

事實上我們十五年前就提出這個想法並發表它。

We reenacted this paper.

我們重現這篇論文。

We got it out of the drawers,

我們把文章從抽屜裡拿出來，

and we proposed that perhaps we could get a human being that is paralyzed

然後我們提出，或許我們可以讓一個癱瘓的人

to actually use the brain-machine interface to regain mobility.

實際使用腦機介面來重獲行動能力。

The idea was that if you suffered --

這個概念是，萬一你為此所苦

and that can happen to any one of us.

而這可能會發生在我們任何一個人身上。

Let me tell you, it's very sudden.

我跟你們說，世事難料。

It's a millisecond of a collision,

只要千分之一秒的撞擊，

a car accident that transforms your life completely.

一場車禍就會完全改變你的人生。

If you have a complete lesion of the spinal cord,

如果你的脊椎完全損傷，

you cannot move because your brainstorms cannot reach your muscles.

你就不能動了，因為你腦中的電子訊號無法到達你的肌肉。

However, your brainstorms continue to be generated in your head.

然而，電子訊號還是持續在你腦中產生。

Paraplegic, quadriplegic patients dream about moving every night.

半身或全身癱瘓的患者每晚都會夢到他們在移動。

They have that inside their head.

在他們腦中有那種移動的感覺。

The problem is how to get that code out of it

問題是要如何把這個密碼取出

and make the movement be created again.

且讓動作可以再被創造出來。

So what we proposed was, let's create a new body.

所以我們提出的想法是，我們來做個新的身體。

Let's create a robotic vest.

我們來做個機械背心。

And that's exactly why Juliano could kick that ball just by thinking,

而這正是為什麼朱利亞諾可以僅透過思考來踢球，

because he was wearing the first brain-controlled robotic vest

因為他穿著第一件大腦控制的機械背心。

that can be used by paraplegic, quadriplegic patients to move

這背心可以讓半身或全身癱瘓的病人移動，

and to regain feedback.

並且重獲移動的反饋。

That was the original idea, 15 years ago.

這是十五年前的原創想法。

What I'm going to show you is how 156 people from 25 countries

我現在要展現給你們的是來自這美麗地球五大洲

all over the five continents of this beautiful Earth,

25 個國家的 156 個人，

dropped their lives, dropped their patents,

他們拋下他們的生活，拋下他們的父母，

dropped their dogs, wives, kids, school, jobs,

拋下他們的狗、妻子、孩子、學校、工作，

and congregated to come to Brazil for 18 months to actually get this done.

然後聚集在巴西，待了十八個月把這個完成。

Because a couple years after Brazil was awarded the World Cup,

這是因為巴西獲得世界杯足球賽主辦權的幾年後，

we heard that the Brazilian government wanted to do something meaningful

我們聽說巴西政府想要在開幕典禮上

in the opening ceremony

做一些有意義的事，

in the country that reinvented and perfected soccer

在這個重建並完善足球運動的國家裡，

until we met the Germans, of course.

當然，那是在我們碰到德國人之前。

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

But that's a different talk,

但那會是另一個演講，

and a different neuroscientist needs to talk about that.

而且要有一個不同的神經科學家來講這件事。

But what Brazil wanted to do is to showcase

不過巴西當時想要做的事是

a completely different country,

展現一個完全不同的國家，

a country that values science and technology,

一個重視科學與科技的國家，

and can give a gift to millions, 25 million people around the world

而且可以送個禮物給世界上二十五萬

that cannot move any longer because of a spinal cord injury.

因為脊椎受傷而失去行動能力的人。

Well, we went to the Brazilian government and to FIFA and proposed,

我們去巴西政府和國際足協，

well, let's have the kickoff of the 2014 World Cup

提議讓一個巴西的半癱瘓者

be given by a Brazilian paraplegic

來為 2014 世界盃開球，

using a brain-controlled exoskeleton that allows him to kick the ball

使用一個大腦控制的外骨骼機器人來踢球

and to feel the contact of the ball.

並感覺與球的接觸。

They looked at us, thought that we were completely nuts,

他們看著我們，覺得我們簡直是怪胎，

and said, "Okay, let's try."

然後說：「好吧，我們來試試看。」

We had 18 months to do everything from zero, from scratch.

我們以 18 個月的時間來做所有的事情，從零、從無開始。

We had no exoskeleton, we had no patients,

我們沒有外骨骼機器人，沒有病人，

we had nothing done.

我們什麼都沒有。

These people came all together

那些人全部聚集在一起，

and in 18 months, we got eight patients in a routine of training

然後在 18 個月內，我們對 8 個病人做日常訓練，

and basically built from nothing this guy,

並且基本上是從無開始，這個傢伙，

that we call Bra-Santos Dumont 1.

我們稱它為「巴西－桑托斯杜蒙一號」。

The first brain-controlled exoskeleton to be built

世界第一個大腦控制的外骨骼機器人

was named after the most famous Brazilian scientist ever,

是以巴西有史以來最有名的科學家，

Alberto Santos Dumont,

亞伯托‧桑托斯‧杜蒙來命名，

who, on October 19, 1901, created and flew himself

他在 1901 年 10 月 19 日，駕駛自己所創造的

the first controlled airship on air in Paris for a million people to see.

第一架飛行器，在巴黎上空一百萬人的注視下飛行。

Sorry, my American friends,

不好意思，我的美國朋友們，

I live in North Carolina,

我住在北卡羅萊納州，

but it was two years before the Wright Brothers flew

但萊特兄弟是在二年之後

on the coast of North Carolina.

才飛過北卡羅萊納州海岸。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Flight control is Brazilian. (Laughter)

飛行管制是巴西人建立的。(笑聲)

So we went together with these guys

所以我們跟這些人一起

and we basically put this exoskeleton together,

把這個外骨骼機器人組起來，

15 degrees of freedom, hydraulic machine

15 個自由度，液壓控制的機器，

that can be commanded by brain signals

由大腦訊號所控制

recorded by a non-invasive technology called electroencephalography

被一個非侵入性的科技，叫腦波儀所記錄下來。

that can basically allow the patient to imagine the movements

這可以讓病人來想像動作，

and send his commands to the controls, the motors,

然後傳遞他的指令到控制系統與運動神經，

and get it done.

來把動作完成。

This exoskeleton was covered with an artificial skin

這個外骨骼機器人被一層人造皮膚覆蓋。

invented by Gordon Cheng, one of my greatest friends, in Munich,

這是我在慕尼黑最優秀的朋友之一，戈登‧鄭所發明的。

to allow sensation from the joints moving and the foot touching the ground

這個人造皮可以讓關節移動和腳掌接觸地面的感覺，

to be delivered back to the patient through a vest, a shirt.

透過背心或上衣傳回病人身上。

It is a smart shirt with micro-vibrating elements

這是一件有微震動元件的智慧衣服，

that basically delivers the feedback and fools the patient's brain

衣服傳遞反饋，給病患的大腦產生假象。

by creating a sensation that it is not a machine that is carrying him,

創造一種不是機器在移動人，

but it is he who is walking again.

而是人自己走路的感覺。

So we got this going, and what you'll see here

所以我們讓這機器人可以運作，然後你將會看到的是，

is the first time one of our patients, Bruno, actually walked.

我們其中一個病人，布魯諾，第一次行走。

And he takes a few seconds because we are setting everything,

他花了幾秒的時間，因為我們要設定所有東西，

and you are going to see a blue light cutting in front of the helmet

接著你會看到頭罩前面有一道藍光，

because Bruno is going to imagine the movement that needs to be performed,

因為布魯諾需要想像移動所需要做的動作，

the computer is going to analyze it, Bruno is going to certify it,

電腦會分析這個動作，布魯諾會確認它，

and when it is certified,

當它被確認之後，

the device starts moving under the command of Bruno's brain.

這個裝置開始在布魯諾大腦的命令下移動。

And he just got it right, and now he starts walking.

現在他剛站好，然後他開始走。

After nine years without being able to move,

在九年不能移動之後，

he is walking by himself.

他開始自己走路。

And more than that --

而且不只如此

(Applause) --

（掌聲）

more than just walking,

不只是走路，

he is feeling the ground,

他能感受地面，

and if the speed of the exo goes up,

當外骨骼機器人的速度變快，

he tells us that he is walking again on the sand of Santos,

他告訴我們他像是再一次走在桑托斯的沙灘上，

the beach resort where he used to go before he had the accident.

那是他發生意外之前習慣去的海灘度假區。

That's why the brain is creating a new sensation in Bruno's head.

這是為什麼布魯諾的大腦會創造出一個全新的感受。

So he walks, and at the end of the walk -- I am running out of time already --

他行走，在結束行走的時候我快沒時間了

he says, "You know, guys,

他說：「各位，

I need to borrow this thing from you when I get married,

我結婚的時候需要跟你們借這個東西，

because I wanted to walk to the priest

因為我想要走到神父面前

and see my bride and actually be there by myself.

去看我的新娘，而且是我本人在場。」

Of course, he will have it whenever he wants.

當然，他隨時都可以擁有。

And this is what we wanted to show during the World Cup, and couldn't,

這是我們在世界盃很想展示卻沒有展示的東西，

because for some mysterious reason, FIFA cut its broadcast in half.

因為某些神祕的原因，國際足協把直播給減半了。

What you are going to see very quickly is Juliano Pinto in the exo doing the kick

各位即將看到的是朱里亞諾‧平托穿著外骨骼機器人踢球

a few minutes before we went to the pitch

這是在我們調整好後的幾分鐘，

and did the real thing in front of the entire crowd,

而且是觀眾面前做這件事，

and the lights you are going to see just describe the operation.

你們即將看到藍光描述這個過程。

Basically, the blue lights pulsating indicate that the exo is ready to go.

基本上，藍色光閃爍代表外骨骼機器人已經準備好運作。

It can receive thoughts and it can deliver feedback,

它可以接受想法並且傳遞回饋，

and when Juliano makes the decision to kick the ball,

而當朱利亞諾做出踢球的決定時，

you are going to see two streams of green and yellow light

你們將會看到二道綠光和黃光

coming from the helmet and going to the legs,

從頭罩流到腿，

representing the mental commands that were taken by the exo

這代表外骨骼機器人已經接獲指令

to actually make that happen.

來讓動作真的產生。

And in basically 13 seconds,

在 13 秒內，

Juliano actually did.

朱利亞諾就做到了。

You can see the commands.

你可以看到那些指令。

He gets ready, the ball is set, and he kicks.

他準備好，球放好，然後他踢球。

And the most amazing thing is,

最令人訝異的是，

10 seconds after he did that, and looked at us on the pitch,

在他做完十秒後，他看著主控台上的我們，

he told us, celebrating as you saw,

他跟我們說，歡欣鼓舞就像你們看到的樣子，

"I felt the ball."

「我感覺到球了。」

And that's priceless.

那真是無價。

(Applause)

(掌聲)

So where is this going to go?

所以這會怎麼發展下去?

I have two minutes to tell you

我有兩分鐘可以告訴你們，

that it's going to the limits of your imagination.

受限於各位想像力。

Brain-actuating technology is here.

腦驅動的科技就在這裡。

This is the latest: We just published this a year ago,

這是最近的，我們一年前才發表，

the first brain-to-brain interface

第一個腦對腦介面

that allows two animals to exchange mental messages

能讓兩隻動物交換心靈訊息。

so that one animal that sees something coming from the environment

所以一隻動物從環境中看到某些東西，

can send a mental SMS, a torpedo, a neurophysiological torpedo,

可以傳一個心靈簡訊，一個魚雷，一個神經生理的魚雷，

to the second animal,

給另一隻動物。

and the second animal performs the act that he needed to perform