our old friend trade and also corporations.

Oh great, another Marxist rant from my union-loving public school teacher about how capitalism

is destroying the world.

You know, Me from the Past, all the capitalists call me Marxist, all the Marxists call me

capitalist, I--I can't win!

Here's the thing, Me from the Past, I am grateful that there is a market for people to, you

know, sell books and make YouTube videos, and capitalism does a pretty good job of making

goods and services available to large groups of people.

Plus how else am I going to turn sweat of the proletariat into delicious Diet Dr. Pepper?

(Not a sponsor. I wish they were a sponsor.)

I'll tell you what, Me from the Past, I've enjoyed a cup or two of the sweat of the proletariat

over the years and it just doesn't have that carbonated "pop" of Diet Dr. Pepper.

What were we talking about? Oh right, capitalism. I like capitalism, what I don't like are monopolies

and violence, and those are both aspects of one of the first capitalist enterprises and

the subject of today's episode, the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (and I will remind

you that mispronouncing things is my thing).

In English of course that's the Dutch East India Company. I'd like to use the Dutch,

though, but I can't pronounce it, so we're just gonna compromise and call it the VOC.

So you probably remember from our first series that trade in the Indian Ocean had gone along

swimmingly for hundreds of years until the Portuguese tried and failed to dominate it

in the 15th and 16th centuries.

And you may also remember that in between the Portuguese and the massively powerful

British Empire there was another European power: the Dutch.

At the time, the Netherlands was a country of 1.5 million people, about as many people

as currently live in Greater Indianapolis. Now, admittedly, they'd already accomplished

some impressive things, for instance, they'd dug most of their country out from the ocean,

but how they came to thoroughly dominate world trade for fifty years tells us a lot about

capitalism, technology, and also, violence.

I suppose we could start with the revolt of the United Provinces in the union of Utrecht

in 1579, which created the Netherlands, or perhaps the decision by the Catholic Duke

of Parma in 1585 to let Protestants leave captured Antwerp and set up shop in Amsterdam,

or we could start in 1595 with the creation of the first Amsterdam-based investment syndicate,

The Company for Far Lands, which is what I call my Minecraft server.

So the founder of The Company for Far Lands published this report called the Itinerario

that excited dreams of vast wealth and spices from South-east Asia. There's a key passage

in the report that explains the riches available in the islands east of Malacca:

"In this place of Sunda there is much pepper, and it is better than that of India or Malabar,

whereof there is so great quantity that they could lade yearly from thence 500,000 pounds.

It hath likewise much frankincense, camphor, and diamonds, to which men might very well

traffic without much impeachment, for that the Portugals come not thither, because great

numbers of Java come themselves unto Malacca to sell their wares."

You'll note there that the initial idea was to break into this already existing trade

system and displace the Portugals. So in the same way that trade in the western Indian

Ocean was flourishing before the arrival of the Europeans, the South China Sea region

and eastern Indian Ocean was a trade hot-bed, perhaps even more valuable because of the

riches of China. And it seems that the Dutch originally planned to try to break into that

existing trade network on equal terms, like, according to Jacob Van Neck, the captain of

the first successful expedition to Indonesia, the plan was, quote, "not to rob anyone of

their property, but to trade uprightly with all foreign nations."

But pretty soon that idea of free trade gave way to the hard reality that competition meant,

you know, lower prices, and by 1601 there were enough successful trade companies that

the cost of buying spices in Indonesia was going up, and also there was suddenly tons

of pepper in Amsterdam, which meant the price that could be charged for that pepper was

going down; clearly, something had to be done. Ideally that something would have been lower

prices for everyone, and an efficient marketplace, but the something that happened instead was the VOC.

Let's go to the Thought Bubble.

In 1601, the United Provinces, aka the Netherlands, were governed nationally by a representative

body that met at the Hague, called the States General, although each of the individual provinces

was largely self-governing, and the leader of the States General was able to convince

all the provinces to accept a single entity to monopolize the East Indies trade. This new

company, the VOC, was run by a seventeen-member board called the Heeren XVII, and these directors

supposedly had control over a company that was chartered with the power to hire its own

people, and also to wage war.

I say supposedly because, you know, it took a year for communications from the Netherlands

to reach the East Indies, and another year for company officers to respond, so the VOC

basically operated as its own sovereign nation, with the power to use as much violence as

it needed to build and maintain its trading power, like according to author Stephen Bown,

"The VOC would essentially operate as a state within a state."

And the VOC, together with its sister company the West India Company, did use violence,

attacking Portuguese and Spanish settlements in Chile, Brazil, East and West Africa, the

Persian Gulf, India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, China and the Philippines between 1602 and

1663, in what you could think of as an early world war.

The VOC was also different from a lot of corporations because it was initially funded with 6.5 million

guilders, about 100 million dollars in today's money. And that capital was expected to fund

business ventures for a long time going forward -- not just for like one initial trade mission.

And this long-term business thinking was unique, especially compared to the funding strategies

of the VOC's biggest competitor, the British East India Company, and it reflected the advanced

financial acumen of the Dutch model generally.

Thanks, Thought Bubble.

So, we've got this company that's basically also a country. But it's not a particularly

good country, because it doesn't have, like, any of the responsibilities of government,

nor does it have to answer to the people it's governing. All it has to do is make money.

And it was really good at making money, like by 1648 the United Provinces were in better

financial shape than every other nation in Europe.

You can tell this partly just by looking at interest rates. Now admittedly, interest rates

are only one measure of financial health and power, but they're an important indicator,

even today. So, Dutch businesses could borrow at a rate of 4 percent annual interest, and

that's pretty cheap compared to the 10 percent it cost corporations to borrow money in England

or the 24.99 percent it cost me to borrow money on my credit card. And because Dutch

debt was so much cheaper, they could invest two and a half times as much in pretty much

anything than the English could, including, like, an army and a navy, and this gave the

Dutch a huge head start over their rivals.

So one reason the interest rates were low is because the companies were healthy and

they tended to pay people back. But another is that normal Dutch people were already used

to investing their money in bonds that had been issued for land reclamation projects,

the famous dykes and windmills that turned land below sea level into fields where you

could grow tulips, or maybe something else, but all they ever grow is tulips.

Like according to business historian William Bernstein, the tradition of investing in bonds,

quote "carried over into trade: after 1600 Dutch citizens would consider it just as natural

to own a fractional share in a trading vessel to the Baltic or the Spice Islands."

And a fractional share is another really interesting idea embraced by the Dutch, that allowed merchants

to bear greater risks by purchasing smaller percentage shares in business ventures. Like,

it's much better to own a tenth of ten ships than it is to own all of one ship, because

the loss of a single trading ship won't, like, ruin you. And Dutch business people also enthusiastically

invested in futures markets, guessing what the price of pepper would be six months or

a year from now, and they created new financial instruments that could be bought and sold,

and merchants purchased maritime insurance, which further lowered their risk. And lower

risk means you could invest more of your capital until eventually you have a completely efficient

market and everything is perfect

--until the 2008 crash.

Wait, what were we talking about?

The Dutch financial system and its corporations were simply better than their competitors,

and that's why they seized the lion's share of the trading business

-- but that isn't the whole story.

Like, one reason the VOC was so successful was government sponsorship and centralization.

The VOC had been chartered by the States General, and it could count on the Dutch government

to back it up with money and military support.

There's another benefit to being sponsored by your government, which is that it's very

hard for competition to emerge, because it isn't sponsored by your government. For instance,

in Indonesia the VOC had a single governor general managing operations, while the British

East India Company was more of like a collection of trading posts, each competing with each

other for a share of the spices. Competition may bring down prices for consumers, but it

also brings down profits for businesses.

In 1605, the VOC realized that if it really wanted to maximize its profits, it would need

a monopoly of the world's spice trade, and to do that, they would need permanent bases

in Indonesia. Initially, they got spices by trading for them with the people who grew

them, especially with the inhabitants of the Banda Islands, which was the only place where

nutmeg was grown. But again, like, trading in a fair and equitable manner is no way to

maximize profits.

So at first the Bandinese welcomed the Dutch, because they were much more laid-back in terms

of religion than the Portuguese, but very quickly the Dutch tricked them into signing

exclusive trade agreements, which the Bandinese were almost certain to violate, and then when

they did violate them, ehh, it didn't go well.

In 1609 the Bandinese were like, "No, you don't understand, like, we need trade for

food," and the Dutch were like, "But you promised!", and the islanders killed 47 Dutch soldiers

and officers in the ensuing fight.

The Dutch killed far more Bandinese, who were eventually subdued and agreed to a nutmeg

monopoly with the Dutch, although they continued to secretly trade with the English.

And after all this, by 1612, Jan Pieterszoon Coen became the dominant force in Dutch Indonesia.

He was an accountant by training, but also a ruthless military leader, who is largely

responsible for the Dutch monopoly of the spice trade, and also for its really terrible

relations with the British, and also for, like, you know, certain crimes against humanity.

Coen brought about the shift in VOC policy, away from straightforward trade and toward

monopoly of both shipping and production of spices. He also made it clear that this trade

needed to be based on military force.

He wrote, "Your Honors should know by experience that trade in Asia must be driven and maintained

under the protection and favor of your Honors' own weapons, and that the weapons must be

paid for by the profits from the trade, so that we cannot carry on trade without war,

nor war without trade."

There is no trade without war, nor war without trade -- that's something to think about.

Anyway, Coen did make a lot of war, mostly on the English, despite the fact that the

Netherlands and England were engaged in trade negotiations between 1613 and 1619.

And in fact fighting between the VOC and the English continued even after an agreement

was signed. By using force, which included capturing and torturing English traders, Coen

was able to run off the English and secure the VOC monopoly over the spice trade.

With the English out of the picture, Coen could get down to the business of using violence

to dominate not only the trade, but also the production of spices. His initial plan, to

quote Stephen Bown, was to depopulate the island to replace their inhabitants with imported

slave and indentured labor under VOC control, and he proceeded to carry out what amounted

to ethnic cleansing of the Banda Islands.

In about 20 years, the Dutch managed to acquire an almost complete monopoly on cloves, nutmeg,

and mace. In 1658, they added cinnamon by taking control of Sri Lanka. And, after 1638,

they became the only Europeans allowed to trade in Japan. Now, we tend to think that

the heart of the spice trade was between Indonesia and Europe, but it really wasn't. Like, the

VOC capital at Batavia became the most important port in all of Southeast Asia, where spices

from Indonesia and gold and copper and silver from Japan and tea and porcelain and silk

from China all passed through to India, where they were traded for cotton, which was used

to buy more Asian goods.

And that was the real money-maker for the VOC. By the middle of the 17th century, only

the highest-value luxury goods from the region even made it to Europe, because that's where

the margins were the highest.

So the middle of the 17th century was the golden age for the Dutch; it was the one the

brought us Rembrandt and Ver Meer as well as all the wealth and finery that was depicted

in their paintings. When you go to Amsterdam, which you should, and you walk along the canals

and see the beautiful row houses, you'll note that many of them were built in the 17th century.

And much of that was based on the success of the VOC and the commerce in spices, but

eventually Europeans' tastes changed, and the desire for nutmeg was supplanted by

a hunger for sugar.

Of course, the sugar trade would be known for its righteousness and fair trade -- just