ON MINERALS AND WATER.

THIS SECTION, I'LL BE GOING OVER WATER AND

GIVING A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE MINERALS.

FIRST, I'D LIKE TO LOOK AT WATER OR FLUIDS THAT ARE

INPUT INTO THE BODY AND WHERE WE OBTAIN OUR WATER.

NOW YOU WOULD THINK WE GET MOST OF OUR WATER FROM LIQUIDS,

AND AT TIMES, WE CAN GET MOST OF OUR WATER FROM LIQUIDS.

BUT LOOK AT THE COMPOSITION OF WATER WE GET FROM FOODS,

AGAIN THIS IS COMPLETELY DEPENDENT

ON THE TYPE OF FOOD THAT YOU EAT.

FOR EXAMPLE, IF YOU'RE EATING A LOT OF PACKAGED,

PROCESSED, REFINED GRAINS,

REALLY DRY FOODS, BREADS, BAGELS, CEREALS,

THEN YOU'RE PROBABLY NOT OBTAINING A LOT OF WATER.

IF YOU'RE EATING MORE FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES,

THEN YOU'RE PROBABLY OBTAINING MORE WATER WITH YOUR FOOD.

AND THEN A VERY SMALL COMPONENT IS WATER CREATED BY METABOLISM.

ESSENTIALLY THAT JUST MEANS THAT EVERY

CHEMICAL REACTION THAT HAPPENS IN THE BODY,

MOST OF THEM END UP PRODUCING WATER.

SO AS A RESULT OF THOSE REACTIONS,

THERE IS WATER GENERATED.

NOW WHAT ABOUT WATER GOING OUT OF THE BODY?

AND THIS CAN BE DURING, YOU KNOW,

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY SUCH AS SOCCER,

OR IF YOU'RE JUST OUT SITTING ON A HOT DAY,

MAYBE YOU'RE SWEATING AND LOSING WATER THROUGH YOUR SKIN,

BUT ALSO JUST IN GENERAL IF YOU'RE

SITTING AT YOUR COMPUTER RIGHT NOW.

WHERE DO WE LOSE OUR WATER?

WELL, I THINK ONE OBVIOUS AREA IS THROUGH THE KIDNEYS,

AND THIS GOES INTO THE URINE,

AND THIS IS GOING TO BE EXCRETED FROM THE BODY.

THE SKIN, THROUGH SWEATING.

THE LUNGS, AND WHAT I'D LIKE YOU TO DO IS

PUT YOUR HAND OVER YOUR MOUTH AND THEN BREATHE.

YOU'LL ACTUALLY FEEL A LITTLE BIT OF MOISTURE ON YOUR HAND.

SO EVERY TIME YOU'RE BREATHING OUT,

YOU'RE LOSING JUST A LITTLE BIT OF WATER,

BECAUSE WATER IS ALSO EXCRETED THROUGH THE LUNGS,

AND THEN OF COURSE IN FECES.

NOW WATER HAS MANY FUNCTIONS IN THE BODY,

AND SOME OF THESE FUNCTIONS INCLUDE REGULATING TEMPERATURE,

MOISTENING TISSUES SUCH AS YOU MUCOSAL MEMBRANES.

YOU THINK OF YOUR, YOU KNOW, YOUR LIPS,

INSIDE YOUR MOUTH, THAT HELPS WITH THE KIDNEYS

AND THE LIVER TO FLUSH OUT ANY WASTE PRODUCTS.

IT HELPS PROTECT THE ORGANS.

THEY USUALLY SIT IN AN AREA

THAT'S SURROUNDED BY WATER OR FLUID,

OR THINK OF THE JOINTS IN YOUR BODY,

LUBRICATING THE JOINTS.

SO YOU HAVE YOUR BONE CARTILAGE,

THERE'S USUALLY SOME JOINT FLUID,

AND THEN THAT ALLOWS TO PROTECT THOSE JOINTS.

IT HELPS DISSOLVE MINERALS TRANSPORTED IN THE BLOODSTREAM.

I MEAN, WHAT IS YOUR BLOOD?

YOUR BLOOD IS ACTUALLY MOSTLY WATER-BASED,

AND THEN CARRIES NUTRIENTS AND OXYGEN TO ALL THE CELLS,

ALL OVER THE BODY.

NOW HOW MUCH WATER DO YOU NEED?

WELL, MEN NEED ABOUT 13 CUPS PER DAY AND

WOMEN ABOUT NINE CUPS OF WATER A DAY.

AND YOU HEAR ABOUT THAT EIGHT BY EIGHT RECOMMENDATION,

EIGHT CUPS OF EIGHT OUNCES OF WATER,

ACTUALLY THAT'S A FANTASTIC WAY TO

REMEMBER HOW MUCH WATER TO DRINK.

USUALLY YOU WANT TO DRINK A LITTLE BIT MORE,

BUT IT ALSO DEPENDS ON HOW MUCH YOU'RE OBTAINING FROM FOOD.

IF YOU HAVE FOODS THAT ARE GENERALLY MORE WATER DENSE,

YOU PROBABLY DON'T NEED TO DRINK AS

MUCH WATER THROUGHOUT THE DAY.

AND IT DOESN'T HAVE TO BE WATER, IT CAN BE ANY SORT OF FLUID,

AS LONG AS IT'S NOT A SUGAR SWEETENED DRINK

OR BEVERAGE OR ARTIFICIALLY SWEETENED BEVERAGE.

REMEMBER, WE WANT TO STAY AWAY FROM SUGAR SWEETENED,

ARTIFICIALLY SWEETENED BEVERAGES,

THAT MAYBE YOU HAVE COFFEE IN THE MORNING

OR YOU HAVE TEA OR YOU HAVE MILK.

ALL OF THOSE ARE BEVERAGES THAT ARE

GOING TO COUNT AS FLUID INTAKE.

IT DOESN'T HAVE TO ACTUALLY BE WATER.

NOW I WANT TO JUST MENTION A LITTLE BIT ABOUT BOTTLED WATER,

BECAUSE THIS HAS JUST EXPLODED.

AND ACTUALLY IS THE MID-2000s WHEN IT WAS REALLY POPULAR,

SALES HAVE ACTUALLY GONE DOWN A LITTLE BIT,

AND THE LATEST STATISTICS I HAVE ARE FROM 2011,

$11 BILLION IN SALES FOR BOTTLED WATER.

NOW THAT'S A LOT OF MONEY,

BUT IT'S NOT ACTUALLY SAFER THAN TAP WATER.

NOW THERE MAY BE SOME REGIONS WHERE

THE TAP WATER IS NOT IDEAL TO DRINK.

I DID MY UNDERGRADUATE DEGREE AT UC DAVIS,

AND THE WATER THERE IS ABSOLUTELY HORRIBLE.

IT COMES OUT BROWN.

IT WAS HORRIBLE TO DRINK.

YOU KIND OF HAD TO DRINK YOUR BOTTLED WATER.

BUT I LIVE NOW IN TAHOE AND THE TAHOE

TAP WATER IS ABSOLUTELY FANTASTIC,

SO IT'S GOING TO DEPEND BY REGION.

FOR THE MOST PART, IT'S GOING TO BE JUST AS GOOD,

JUST AS SAFE AS TAP WATER.

AND ALSO IT'S NOT HEALTHIER THAN TAP WATER,

SO BOTTLED WATER IS NOT HEALTHIER.

NOW THE NATIONAL RESOURCES DEFENSE COUNCIL DID A STUDY,

AND THEY LOOKED A THOUSAND BOTTLES OF WATER,

AND THERE WERE A HUNDRED DIFFERENT,

ALTHOUGH DIFFERENT BRANDS,

AND THEY LOOKED FOR DIFFERENT CONTAMINANTS,

FROM BACTERIA TO TOXINS OR CHEMICALS,

THAT WERE ABOVE THE ACCEPTABLE RANGE,

AND THEY FOUND THAT A THIRD OF BOTTLED WATER IS CONTAMINATED.

NOW IF YOU ARE SOMEONE WHO REGULARLY DRINKS BOTTLED WATER,

MY RECOMMENDATION IS THAT YOU DO YOUR RESEARCH ON YOUR WATER.

MAKE SURE THAT IT HAS BEEN TESTED BY

AN INDEPENDENT LABORATORY SO THAT YOU KNOW IT'S SAFE.

I'M JUST GOING TO BRIEFLY GO OVER THESE,

AND THEN WE'LL MOVE ON TO THE NEXT VIDEO.

THE MINERALS ARE BASICALLY ELEMENTS.

THEY DON'T BREAKDOWN TO ANYTHING SMALLER.

REMEMBER, VITAMINS ARE ORGANIC.

IT MEANS THAT THEY'RE CARBON-CONTAINING.

THEY HAVE CARBON.

THEY HAVE HYDROGEN.

THEY HAVE OXYGEN.

THEY'RE LARGE MOLECULES.

WELL, THESE ARE JUST VERY BASIC ELEMENTS.

AND THERE ARE MAJOR MINERALS,

WHICH MEANS OUR BODIES NEED MORE OF THEM.

AND THEN THERE ARE TRACE MINERALS,

WHICH MEANS THEY'RE JUST AS IMPORTANT,

BUT WE JUST NEED LESS OF THEM.

CALCIUM, CHLORIDE, MAGNESIUM,

PHOSPHORUS, POTASSIUM, SODIUM,

AND SULFATE ARE GOING TO BE OUR MAJOR MINERALS.

WE'RE GOING TO DISCUSS ALL OF THESE EXCEPT FOR SULFATE.

AND THEN THE TRACE MINERALS, IODINE,

IRON, ZINC, SELENIUM, FLUORIDE,

CHROMIUM, COPPER, MANGANESE,

AND WE'RE GOING TO DISCUSS MOST OF THESE.

THE CHROMIUM, COPPER, MANGANESE,

YOUR BOOK DOES TOUCH ON THESE,

BUT I'M NOT GOING TO REALLY TALK ABOUT THESE IN THE VIDEO.

SO THAT'S IT FOR WATER AND OUR OVERVIEW OF MINERALS.