I think what he meant is that we treat prisoners as ghosts.

我想他的意思是，我們對待囚犯如視而不見的鬼魂一樣。

They're unseen and unheard.

他們是不被注意或耳聞的。

It's easy to simply ignore them

很容易就會忽略掉他們，

and it's even easier when the government goes to great lengths to keep them hidden.

甚至是當政府盡可能地對外隱瞞他們的訊息時。

As a journalist, I think these stories of what people in power do when no one is watching, are precisely the stories that we need to tell.

身為一名記者，我認為這些有影響力的人有著乏人問津的故事，才是我們必須要講述的。

That's why I began investigating

這也就是為什麼我決定調查

the most secretive and experimental prison units in the United States, for so-called "second-tier" terrorists.

在美國最隱密又具實驗性的監獄單位，稱作為"次級"恐怖分子監獄。

The government calls these units Communications Management Units or CMUs.

政府將這些單位稱作為溝通管理部門或是CMUs。

Prisoners and guards call them "Little Guantanamo."

囚犯和警衛稱它們為"小關塔那摩"。

They are islands unto themselves.

它們是座小島，

But unlike Gitmo they exist right here, at home, floating within larger federal prisons.

但是不像關達那摩監獄，他們在美國，有著較大的聯邦監獄。

There are 2 CMUs.

有兩個CMUs，

One was opened inside the prison in Terre Haute, Indiana,

一個在印地安納州的特雷霍特監獄裡，

and the other is inside this prison, in Marion, Illinois.

而另一個在伊利諾州的馬里恩監獄裡，

Neither of them underwent the formal review process that is required by law when they were opened.

這兩間監獄的開設都沒有經過正式法律審核的程序。

CMU prisoners have all been convicted of crimes.

CMU的囚犯都被判有罪，

Some of their cases are questionable and some involve threats and violence.

其中幾人的案子是存疑的，而有些則是涉及到威嚇和暴力。

I'm not here to argue the guilt or innocence of any prisoner.

我今天不是來這裡爭論說這些囚犯是有罪還是無罪的。

I'm here because as Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall said,

我來這裡是因為最高法院的法官瑟古德 馬歇爾曾說過:

"When the prisons and gates slam shut, prisoners do not lose their human quality."

「監獄門和大門關上時，囚犯並不會因此失去他們的人性」。

Every prisoner I've interviewed has said there are three flecks of light in the darkness of prison:

我訪問過的每一位囚犯，他們都說在黑暗的監獄裡，有著三個光點:

phone calls,

打電話、

letters

信件、

and visits from family.

和家人的探視。

CMUs aren't solitary confinement, but they radically restrict all of these

CMUs不是單人的囚禁，但他們嚴格限制

to levels that meet or exceed the most extreme prisons in the United States.

這三點，而達到超越在美國其他監獄監控水準。

Their phone calls can be limited to 45 minutes a month,

囚犯的通話時間被限制於每一個月45分鐘，

compared to the 300 minutes other prisoners receive.

相對於其他監獄的囚犯則有300分鐘。

Their letters can be limited to six pieces of paper.

他們的信件內容被限制在六張紙內。

Their visits can be limited to four hours per month,

而他們的探視時間則被限制於每一個月4小時，

compared to the 35 hours that people like Olympic Park bomber Eric Rudolph receive in the supermax.

相對於其他監獄囚犯的35小時探視時間，像是在最高警戒監獄裡的奧林匹克炸彈客埃里克 魯道夫，就有35個小時的探視時間。

On top of that, CMU visits are non-contact which means prisoners are not allowed to even hug their family.

除此之外，CMU的探視不可以有身體接觸，意思是囚犯擁抱家人是不被允許的。

As one CMU prisoner said,

有一位在CMU的囚犯曾說過:

"We're not being tortured here, except psychologically."

「在這裡，我們沒受到折磨，而是受到心靈上的折磨」。

The government won't say who is imprisoned here.

政府不會透露這監獄關了哪些囚犯。

But through court documents, open records requests and interviews with current and former prisoners,

但是透過法院文件、要求公開紀錄、和囚犯與出獄者的訪問過程，

some small windows into the CMUs have opened.

幾個可以了解CMUs的途徑則因此開啟了。

There's an estimated 60 to 70 prisoners here,

這監獄被估計大概有60~70位的囚犯，

and they're overwhelmingly Muslim.

而且絕大多數的囚犯都是穆斯林。

They include people like Dr. Rafil Dhafir,

其中像是拉菲爾 菲爾教授，

who violated the economic sanctions on Iraq by sending medical supplies for the children there.

他寄送藥物給伊拉克的兒童，而違反了伊拉克的經濟條例。

They've included people like Yassin Aref.

其中另一位像是亞辛 埃勒夫，

Aref and his family fled to New York from Saddam Hussein's Iraq as refugees.

埃勒夫和他的家人逃出由薩達姆 海珊所掌控的伊拉克，而以難民身分進入紐約。

He was arrested in 2004 as part of an FBI sting.

在2004年FBI設下圈套把他逮補。

Aref is an imam and he was asked to bear witness to a loan,

埃勒夫是一位伊瑪目(指的是禮拜導師，伊斯蘭教集體禮拜時率領其他禮拜者的人)，他被要求去見證一筆借貸過程，

which is a tradition in Islamic culture.

這是一個伊斯蘭教的傳統文化(需要一個借貸的見證人在旁)，

It turned out that one of the people involved in the loan was trying to enlist someone else in a fake attack.

結果卻是一方借貸的人想藉由這筆交易來發起一場(假)攻擊。(這是FBI設下的圈套，要Aref見證Hussein和Aref的朋友Hossain的借貸，而這借貸是要用來買飛彈攻擊紐約的巴基斯坦大使館(虛構)。)

Aref didn't know.

埃勒夫並不知情，

For that, he was convicted of conspiracy to provide material support to a terrorist group.

但他因此被定罪為非法提供物質給恐怖份子。

The CMUs also include some non-Muslim prisoners.

在CMUs監獄裡，也有些非伊斯蘭教的囚犯。

The guards call them "balancers,"

看守人稱他們為"平衡者"，

meaning they help balance out the racial numbers, in hopes of deflecting lawsuits.

指的是他們平衡了種族人數，也希望可以減輕法律刑責。

These balancers include animal rights and environmental activists like Daniel McGowan.

這些平衡者包括動物權利保護者和環境保護人士，像是丹尼爾 麥加文。

McGowan was convicted of participating in two arsons in the name of defending the environment as part of the Earth Liberation Front(ELF).

麥加文是因為作為"地球解放前線"(為生態環境保衛)的一員，參與了兩場縱火案(透過破壞企業的工廠來阻止環境破壞，例如以縱火抗議林木濫伐)，而被判罪。

During his sentencing, he was afraid that he would be sent to a rumored secret prison for terrorists.

在判決的期間，他擔心自己會被送到一間傳聞中關恐怖分子的監獄。

The judge dismissed all those fears, saying that they weren't supported by any facts.

但法官說這些證據並未有力，因而消除了他的恐懼。

But that might be because the government hasn't fully explained why some prisoners end up in a CMU,

但那也是因為政府從未說明怎麼樣的囚犯會被關在CMU裡，

and who is responsible for these decisions.

還有誰是裁決者。

When McGowan was transferred, he was told it's because he is a "domestic terrorist,"

麥加文轉獄時，別人解釋是因為他被認為是位"國內恐怖份子"，

a term the FBI uses repeatedly when talking about environmental activists.

"國內恐怖份子"是美國FBI經常用來形容環境保護份子。

Now, keep in mind there are about 400 prisoners in US prisons who are classified as terrorists,

不要忘記美國監獄裡住著400名囚犯，他們都被視為恐怖份子，

and only a handful of them are in the CMUs.

而只有一小部分的他們是在CMUs裡。

In McGowan's case, he was previously at a low-security prison

由麥加文的例子來看，一開始他是待在一個低安全管制的監獄，

and he had no communications violations.

另外他也沒有任何違法活動，

So, why was he moved?

但為什麼他會被轉獄呢?

Like other CMU prisoners, McGowan repeatedly asked for an answer, a hearing,

麥加文像其他CMU囚犯一樣，一直都在尋求答案、請求一場聽證會、

or some opportunity for an appeal.

或不放過任何可以請訴的機會。

This example from another prisoner shows how those requests are viewed.

這是另一個囚犯的例子，可以看到他們的請求是怎麼被回應的。

"Wants a transfer." "Told him no."

"請求轉獄"。"跟他說是不允許的"。

At one point, the prison warden himself recommended McGowan's transfer out of the CMU citing his good behavior,

曾經因為麥加文的優良表現，典獄長提出讓他轉出CMU監獄的建議，

but the warden was overruled by the Bureau of Prison's Counter-terrorism Unit, working with the Joint Terrorism Task Force of the FBI.

但是典獄長的這樣要求被監獄反恐單位和FBI反恐部隊的人駁回。

Later I found out that McGowan was really sent to a CMU

之後我發現麥加文真的被送進CMU裡，

not because of what he did, but what he has said.

不是因為他做了什麼，卻是因為他說過的話。

A memo from the Counterterrorism Unit cited McGowan's "anti-government beliefs."

一個來自反恐單位的備忘錄，他們引用了麥加文"反政府信念"的話。

While imprisoned, he continued writing about environmental issues,

在坐牢期間，麥加文持續寫環境相關的議題，

saying that activists must reflect on their mistakes and listen to each other.

指出這些環境保護者必須要反思自己的錯誤、也要願意互相分享意見。

Now, in fairness, if you've spent any time at all in Washington, DC,

現在，坦白说，如果你曾待過華盛頓特區，

you know this is really a radical concept for the government.

你會知道這個想法對於政府而言是非常激進的。

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

I actually asked to visit McGowan in the CMU. And I was approved.

事實上，我曾要求到CMU探視麥加文，而且我也獲得許可。

That came as quite a shock.

這令我非常震驚。

First, because as I've discussed on this stage before,

第一，因為我才剛提過，

I learned that the FBI has been monitoring my work.

我早已發覺我的行蹤被FBI監督著。

Second, because it would make me the first and only journalist to visit a CMU.

第二，這樣的探視會使我成為第一個、唯一一位記者進到CMU。

I had even learned through the Bureau of Prisons Counterterrorism Unit,

甚至我也知道監獄反恐單位的人

that they had been monitoring my speeches about CMUs, like this one.

也一直在監視我對CMU的評論，就像這場演講一樣。

So how could I possibly be approved to visit?

所以，那我怎麼可能可以獲得許可呢?

A few days before I went out to the prison, I got an answer.

在我去監獄的前幾天，我知道了答案。

I was allowed to visit McGowan as a friend, not a journalist.

我可以去探視麥加文，是因為以一個朋友的身分，而不是記者。

Journalists are not allowed here.

記者是不被允許進入CMU的。

McGowan was told by CMU officials that if I asked any questions or published any story, that he would be punished for my reporting.

CMU的長官警告麥加文，如果我問任何問題或是出版任何故事或報導，他會因此受到處罰。

When I arrived for our visit, the guards reminded me

我到監獄時，警衛提醒我

that they knew who I was and knew about my work.

他們知道我的誰和我的工作。

And they said that if I attempted to interview McGowan, the visit would be terminated.

另外他們又說，如果我試圖要訪問麥加文的話，這訪視會立即終止。

The Bureau of Prisons describes CMUs as "self-contained housing units."

監獄管理局描述CMUs監獄就像是"獨立的牢房單位"。

But I think that's an Orwellian way of describing black holes.

我認為這是個集權主義式的描繪。(歐威爾現象:來自英國作家喬治歐威爾創作的一部政治諷刺小說，描述一個獨裁極權的政府)

When you visit a CMU, you go through all the security checkpoints that you would expect.

你參觀CMU時，你可以想像所有你會走到地方都有著安全檢查點。

But then the walk to the visitation room is silent.

但是走到會客室的路上都會是寂靜的。

When a CMU prisoner has a visit, the rest of the prison is on lockdown.

一位CMU囚犯有人探視時，其他的囚犯都會被禁閉在牢裡。

I was ushered into a small room,

我被帶入一間小房間裡，

so small my outstretched arms could touch each wall.

房間小到我張開雙臂就可以碰到牆。

There was a grapefruit-sized orb in the ceiling for the visit to be live-monitored by the Counterterrorism Unit in West Virginia.

房間天花板上有一顆像葡萄大小的球，是讓在西維吉尼亞監獄管理局的人在旁監控。

The unit insists that all the visits have to be in English for CMU prisoners,

單位規定所有探視者都必須用英文與CMU囚犯談話，

which is an additional hardship for many of the Muslim families.

這對於那些穆斯林家庭是更加困難的。

There is a thick sheet of foggy, bulletproof glass and on the other side was Daniel McGowan.

在房間裡，有一片厚又模糊的防彈玻璃，而丹尼爾 麥加文就在玻璃的另一邊。

We spoke through these handsets attached to the wall and talked about books and movies.

我們是用設在牆上的聽筒聊了書籍和電影，

We did our best to find reasons to laugh.

我們盡我們最大的努力找理由來笑。

To fight boredom and amuse himself while in the CMU,

在CMU裡的麥加文為了要娛樂自己，

McGowan had been spreading a rumor that I was secretly the president of a Twilight fan club in Washington, DC.

他自己散播謠言說，我是華盛頓特區的一位慕光之城粉絲會裡的秘密會長。

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

For the record, I'm not.

鄭重聲明一下，我不是。

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

But I kind of the hope the FBI now thinks that Bella and Edward are terrorist code names.

但我有點希望FBI的人會把Bella和Edward(這兩位是"慕光之城"裡的男女主角)視為恐怖分子的代稱。

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

During our visit, McGowan spoke most and at length about his niece Lily, his wife Jenny

在我們會面過程中，麥加文聊到很多關於他姪女莉莉和她老婆珍妮的事情，

and how torturous it feels to never be able to hug them, to never be able to hold their hands.

和感歎著永遠無法與他們擁抱和握住他們的雙手。

Three months after our visit, McGowan was transferred out of the CMU

在我們會面後的三個月，麥加文被轉出CMU，

and then, without warning, he was sent back again.

但後來，沒有任何告誡，他又再次被送回CMU。

I had published leaked CMU documents on my website

我早在我的網站發表過CMU的外流資料，

and the Counterterrorism Unit said that McGowan had called his wife and asked her to mail them.

反恐單位的人說麥加文曾打給他的妻子，要她把這些資料寄出去。

He wanted to see what the government was saying about him, and for that he was sent back to the CMU.

他想看看政府會給他什麼回應，但也因為如此，他就再次被送回CMU監獄裡。

When he was finally released at the end of his sentence, his story got even more Kafkaesque.

在他最後服刑期間被放出來時，他的故事變得更加混亂複雜。(卡夫卡式: 指的是一種"不知從何說起"的矛頓糾結，一種"不知道問題在哪"的問題)

He wrote an article for the Huffington Post headlined,

他為赫芬頓郵報頭版寫了一篇文章:

"Court Documents Prove I was Sent to a CMU for my Political Speech."

"法庭文件顯示我被送回CMU是因為我的政治言論"。

The next day he was thrown back in jail for his political speech.

隔天又因為他的政治言論，他又被送回監獄。

His attorneys quickly secured his release, but the message was very clear: Don't talk about this place.

他的律師立即幫他獲得釋放，但這訊息非常清楚: 不要談論到CMU。

Today, nine years after they were opened by the Bush administration,

九年後的今天，他們被布希官僚開起，

the government is codifying how and why CMUs were created.

政府才建立規章說明CMUs是如何建立和為什麼會有這單位。

According to the Bureau of Prisons, they are for prisoners with "inspirational significance."

根據監獄管理局的定義，CMU是關"會煽動人心的"囚犯。

I think that is very nice way of saying these are political prisons for political prisoners.

我覺得這是一個很好的說法:"這政治監獄是用來關押政治囚犯的"。

Prisoners are sent to a CMU because of their race, their religion or their political beliefs.

囚犯因為他們的種族、宗教、和政治信仰而被送到CMU監獄裡。

Now, if you think that characterization is too strong, just look at some of the government's own documents.

如果你覺得這界定方法太過於強烈，就去看看一些政府的資料。

When some of McGowan's mail was rejected by the CMU, the sender was told

麥加文的信件被CMU拒絕時，寄件者被告知

it's because the letters were intended "for political prisoners."

是因為他的信件是要寄給"政治囚犯的"。

When another prisoner, animal rights activist Andy Stepanian, was sent to a CMU,

另一位動物保護人士囚犯安迪 斯潘尼恩被送到CMU，

it was because of his anti-government and anti-corporate views.

是因為他反政府和反企業的言論。

Now, I know all of this may be hard to believe,

我知道這些事情是難以置信的，

that it's happening right now, and in the United States.

但這就是美國正在發生的事情。

But the unknown reality is that the US has a dark history of disproportionately punishing people because of their political beliefs.

但是一件不為人知的美國黑暗歷史，是人民因為他們的政治信仰而受到不公平對待。

In the 1960s, before Marion was home to the CMU, it was home to the notorious Control Unit.

大約在1960年，馬里昂還沒有CMU時，它有著一間危險的最高級安全警戒監獄。

Prisoners were locked down in solitary for 22 hours a day.

囚犯一天22小時被單獨關在監獄中。

The warden said the unit was to "control revolutionary attitudes."

典獄長說這個單位是為了要"控制那些有革命思想"的囚犯。

In the 1980s, another experiment called the Lexington High Security Unit

大約在1980年，另一個實驗性的監獄稱作萊辛頓高級監禁監獄，

held women connected to the Weather Underground,

是關押"地下氣象人組織"、(地下氣象員:是美國的一個組織，他們的理念主要是反對白人對於黑人的不公平對待)

Black Liberation and Puerto Rican independent struggles.

黑人解放、和波多黎各獨立黨抗爭的女性。

The prison radically restricted communication and used sleep deprivation,

這監獄嚴格控管活動、睡眠剝奪手段、

and constant light for so-called "ideological conversion."

還有為了"思想改造"而有的不熄燈手段。

Those prisons were eventually shut down, but only through the campaigning of religious groups and human rights advocates, like Amnesty International.

這些監獄因為宗教運動團體抗爭和人權宣言者，像是國際特赦組織，最後都被關閉了。

Today, civil rights lawyers with the Center for Constitutional Rights are challenging CMUs in court

現在，民權憲法的律師正在法庭上質疑CMUs

for depriving prisoners of their due process rights and for retaliating against them for their protected political and religious speech.

未給與囚犯正當權利發表對政治和宗教的言論。

Many of these documents would have never come to light without this lawsuit.

沒有這場訴訟，這些文件可能都因此被埋沒了。

The message of these groups and my message for you today

今天，這些團體和我要傳達給你們的訊息是

is that we must bear witness to what is being done to these prisoners.

我們必須要知道這些囚犯受到了哪些對待。

Their treatment is a reflection of the values held beyond prison walls.

他們受到的對待不在只是限於監獄的高牆內。

This story is not just about prisoners.

這故事不是只關於囚犯，

It is about us.

這也是跟我們相關的。

It is about our own commitment to human rights.

這是關於我們對人權的履行。

It is about whether we will choose to stop repeating the mistakes of our past.

這是關於是否我們願意改進，避免重蹈覆轍的錯誤。

If we don't listen to what Father Berrigan described as the stories of the dead,

如果我們不再試著了解貝瑞岡神父故事裡對囚犯的描述，

they will soon become the stories of ourselves.

這些遭遇將會降臨到我們身上。

Thank you.

謝謝您。

(Applause)

(掌聲)

(Applause ends)

(掌聲結束)

Tom Rielly: I have a couple questions.

湯姆 里利: 我有幾個問題。

When I was in high school, I learned about the Bill of Rights, the Constitution, freedom of speech,

我是高中生時，我曾學過權利法案、憲法、言論自由、

due process and about 25 other laws and rights that seem to be violated by this.

正當法律程序、和其它25個法律和權力，似乎這組織違反了這些條文。

How could this possibly be happening?

怎麼可能會有這樣的事發生?

Will Potter: I think that's the number one question I get throughout all of my work,

威爾 波特: 我想這也是從我工作以來一直存在的疑惑，

and the short answer is that people don't know.

簡單回答就是人們根本就沒注意過。

I think the solution to any of these types of situations, any rights abuses, are really dependent on two things.

我認為這些情形、這些權力濫用的解決方案基於兩點:

They're dependent on knowledge that it's actually happening

依據是否有意識到這件事情的發生，

and then a means and efficacy to actually make a change.

和之後是否能有實際又有效的方法改變它。

And unfortunately with these prisoners, one, people don't know what's happening at all

對於這些囚犯不幸的是，第一，人們完全不知道這些囚犯正在經歷的事，

and then they're already disenfranchised populations

然後他們已完全是失去權利的人，

who don't have access to attorneys, not native English speakers.

他們沒辦法找律師替他們辯護，而他們的母語也不是英文。

In some of these cases, they have great representation that I mentioned,

在這幾個例子中，我提過他們是很好的領導人，

but there's just not a public awareness of what's happening.

不過就是沒人注意周圍正在發生的事。

TR: Isn't it guaranteed in prison that you have right to council or access to council?

湯姆 里利: 在監獄裡，不是保證說囚犯有權利向委員會請願或另有管道能接洽到他們?

WP: There's a tendency in our culture to see when people have been convicted of a crime,

威爾 波特: 在我們文化中，我們經常會看待一個被定罪的人，

no matter if that charge was bogus or legitimate,

不管他受到的判決是非法或合法的，

that whatever happens to them after that is warranted.

後來他們的定罪都會被認為是正確的。

And I think that's a really damaging and dangerous narrative that we have,

我認為我們這樣的認知模式是非常不實際的，

that allows these types of things to happen,

我們這樣的判斷會使得這些事情持續的發生，

as the general public just kind of turns a blind eye to it.

像人們一樣，對一件事視而不見，聽而不聞。

TR: All those documents on screen were all real documents, word for word, unchanged at all, right?

湯姆 里利: 所有你提出的資料都是真實，沒有任何修改?

WP: Absolutely. I've actually uploaded all of them to my website.

威爾 波特: 一點也沒錯，我也把所有這些資料上傳到我的網站，

It's willpotter.com/CMU and it's a footnoted version of the talk,

網址是willpotter.com/CMU，而裡面有註解我的談話內容，

so you can see the documents for yourself without the little snippets.

所以你可以看到所有完整的資料，不是摘錄的。

You can see the full version.

你可以看到完整版本。

I relied overwhelmingly on primary source documents or on primary interviews with former and current prisoners,

我的資料主要都是來自第一手資料、與囚犯或出獄者的訪談、

with people that are dealing with this situation every day.

和每天面對這類事情的人訪談。

And like I said, I've been there myself, as well.

就像我之前說過，我自己也親自去過那裡。

TR: You're doing courageous work.