This is how war starts.

有一天 你過著平凡無奇的生活

One day you're living your ordinary life,

要去參加派對

you're planning to go to a party,

送小孩去上學

you're taking your children to school,

預約牙醫門診

you're making a dentist appointment.

接著 電話不通了

The next thing, the telephones go out,

電視不能看了 街上有人拿著槍

the TVs go out, there's armed men on the street,

拒馬也被搬出來了

there's roadblocks.

你所知道的生活進入假死狀態

Your life as you know it goes into suspended animation.

時間彷彿靜止不動了

It stops.

我要說一件發生在我朋友身上的故事

I'm going to steal a story from a friend of mine,

她是波斯尼亞人 是發生她身上的事

a Bosnian friend, about what happened to her,

因為我想這樣就能告訴你們 戰爭是什麼樣子

because I think it will illustrate for you exactly what it feels like.

1992年4月某日 她走路去上班

She was walking to work one day in April, 1992,

穿著迷女裙和高跟鞋 她在銀行上班

in a miniskirt and high heels. She worked in a bank.

她是一位新手媽媽 也很喜歡參加派對

She was a young mother. She was someone who liked to party.

人很好

Great person.

突然 她看到一台坦克車

And suddenly she sees a tank

緩緩開進塞拉耶佛的大街上

ambling down the main road of Sarajevo

剷平了所有東西

knocking everything out of its path.

她還以為在作夢 但她錯了

She thinks she's dreaming, but she's not.

她驚慌失措地逃跑

And she runs as any of us would have done

尋找掩蔽物 最後她躲在垃圾箱後面

and takes cover, and she hides behind a trash bin,

穿著短裙和高跟鞋全身捲曲地縮在一起

in her high heels and her miniskirt.

躲在那裡的時候 她覺得這一切都太荒謬了

And as she's hiding there, she's feeling ridiculous,

但是她看見這輛坦克車旁邊還有士兵護衛

but she's seeing this tank go by with soldiers

所有人都慌張逃竄 一片混亂

and people all over the place and chaos

她覺得自己好像身處艾莉絲夢遊仙境

and she thinks, "I feel like Alice in Wonderland

要鑽進兔子洞

going down the rabbit hole,

爬啊爬 爬到一片混亂的地方

down, down, down into chaos,

我怎麼會這麼可憐

and my life will never be the same again."

幾個星期之後 我朋友在一群人裡面

A few weeks later, my friend was in a crowd of people

推擠掙扎著 當時抱著還是嬰兒的兒子

pushing with her infant son in her arms

將他交給公車上的一位陌生人

to give him to a stranger on a bus,

這是最後開離塞拉耶佛的其中一班公車

which was one of the last buses leaving Sarajevo

把小孩送出去 讓他們安全

to take children out so they could be safe.

她還記得當時她媽媽一直攔著她

And she remembers struggling with her mother to the front,

很多人都喊著"把我的孩子帶走!把我的孩子帶走!"

crowds and crowds of people, "Take my child! Take my child!"

然後把她兒子從車窗交給一個陌生人

and passing her son to someone through a window.

之後她就沒再看過她兒子了

And she didn't see him for years.

這場圍城戰持續了3年半

The siege went on for three and a half years,

這是一場消耗戰 沒有水

and it was a siege without water,

能源 電力 熱能 食物

without power, without electricity, without heat, without food,

在歐洲大陸中間 發生在20世紀中期

in the middle of Europe, in the middle of the 20th century.

我很榮幸 我就是其中一位記者

I had the honor of being one of those reporters

曾經歷過那場圍城戰

that lived through that siege,

我覺得自己很榮幸 當時能夠在那裡

and I say I have the honor and the privilege of being there

因為這場戰爭讓我學到很多

because it's taught me everything,

不只是身為一位記者 身為人也是一樣

not just about being a reporter, but about being a human being.

我學會"同情心"

I learned about compassion.

我知道小兵也能立大功

I learned about ordinary people who could be heroes.

我學會"分享" "友情"

I learned about sharing. I learned about camaraderie.

最重要的是 我學會"關愛"

Most of all, I learned about love.

即使身處在毀滅 死亡和混亂之中

Even in the midst of terrible destruction and death and chaos,

我學到就算是一般人 也能幫助他們的鄰居

I learned how ordinary people could help their neighbors,

分享食物 養育小孩

share food, raise their children,

拖行路中間遭到狙擊致死的屍體

drag someone who's being sniped at from the middle of the road

儘管自己都已經身陷險境

even though you yourself were endangering your life,

將受傷的人 送上計程車

helping people get into taxis who were injured

試著把他們帶到醫院

to try to take them to hospitals.

我也更加了解自己

I learned so much about myself.

我欣賞的英雄之一 蓋爾霍恩曾經說過

Martha Gellhorn, who's one of my heroes, once said,

"妳只有能力愛上一場戰爭，其餘的，不過是責任罷了。"

"You can only love one war. The rest is responsibility."

事件過後 我又去採訪很多場戰爭

I went on to cover many, many, many wars after that,

多到我都數不清

so many that I lost count,

但是沒有一場戰爭像塞拉耶佛戰爭一樣

but there was nothing like Sarajevo.

去年4月 我回到一個非常陌生的地方

Last April, I went back to a very strange --

我將它稱作瘋狂高中同學會

what I called a deranged high school reunion.

就是在圍城20週年紀念日那天

What it was, was the 20th anniversary of the siege,

也是塞拉耶佛圍城戰開戰的那天

the beginning of the siege of Sarajevo,

我不喜歡"周年紀念日"這個詞，因為聽起來像要開派對

and I don't like the word "anniversary," because it sounds like a party,

這不是在開派對

and this was not a party.

當時氣氛非常沉重 盤踞在記者頭上

It was a very somber gathering of the reporters

他們在戰爭期間在當地採訪 人權人士也很沉重

that worked there during the war, humanitarian aid workers,

當然 塞拉耶佛勇敢強韌的人民也是

and of course the brave and courageous people of Sarajevo themselves.

我最震驚的是

And the thing that struck me the most,

讓我心都碎了

that broke my heart,

沿著塞拉耶佛的大街走

was walking down the main street of Sarajevo,

20年前 我朋友Aida就是在那裡看到坦克車

where my friend Aida saw the tank coming 20 years ago,

就在那條路上擺著超過12000張紅椅子

and in that road were more than 12,000 red chairs,

是空的

empty,

每一張椅子都象徵

and every single one of them symbolized

一位在圍城戰死亡的人

a person who had died during the siege,

只有在塞拉耶佛有這項活動 不是波斯尼亞全國都有

just in Sarajevo, not in all of Bosnia,

活動範圍從城市裡的一部分

and it stretched from one end of the city

延伸到幾乎整座城市

to a large part of it,

看到很小張的椅子 我很難過

and the saddest for me were the tiny little chairs

那是用來紀念小孩子的

for the children.

我現在在敘利亞採訪

I now cover Syria,

開始報導敘利亞戰爭 是因為我認為

and I started reporting it because I believed that

有必要將事實傳達出來

it needs to be done.

我覺得有必要向世界傳達

I believe a story there has to be told.

在波斯尼亞，我又看見戰爭的前兆

I see, again, a template of the war in Bosnia.

我第一次去大馬士革

And when I first arrived in Damascus,

我看到一個很奇怪的景象

I saw this strange moment where people

人們似乎不相信戰爭即將爆發

didn't seem to believe that war was going to descend,

就跟波斯尼亞

and it was exactly the same in Bosnia

和其他即將發生戰爭的國家都是一樣情況

and nearly every other country I've seen where war comes.

人們不願相信戰爭即將開始

People don't want to believe it's coming,

所以他們不願撤離 要堅守到最後一刻

so they don't leave, they don't leave before they can.

不願將錢領出來

They don't get their money out.

他們留下來 是因為想保護家園

They stay because you want to stay in your home.

隨後戰爭爆發 陷入一片混亂

And then war and chaos descend.

我非常想念盧旺達

Rwanda is a place that haunts me a lot.

1994年 我暫時離開塞拉耶佛 前往盧旺達報導種族屠殺

In 1994, I briefly left Sarajevo to go report the genocide in Rwanda.

1994年4月至8月

Between April and August, 1994,

有100萬人遭到屠殺

one million people were slaughtered.

如果那12000張椅子就嚇死我了

Now if those 12,000 chairs freaked me out

數量那麼多

with the sheer number,

想像一下 換做是100萬的犧牲者的話呢

I want you just for a second to think of a million people.

給大家一個例子

And to give you some example, I remember

我記得站起來 往下看著街上 我能看到的地方

standing and looking down a road as far as I could see,

至少有一英哩 都是屍體 堆起來比我的身高高兩倍

at least a mile, and there were bodies piled twice my height

全都死了

of the dead.

這只占總死亡人數的一小部分

And that was just a small percentage of the dead.

有媽媽還抱著自己小孩

And there were mothers holding their children

她們自己都已經奄奄一息了

who had been caught in their last death throes.

從戰爭中 我們學到很多事情

So we learn a lot from war,

我會提到盧旺達

and I mention Rwanda

因為它如同南非

because it is one place, like South Africa,

戰爭持續了將近20多年 目前正在復元

where nearly 20 years on, there is healing.

國會議員有56%都是女性

Fifty-six percent of the parliamentarians are women,

這個現象還不錯

which is fantastic,

現在該國家憲法內也有相關規定

and there's also within the national constitution now,

不能有胡圖族 圖西族之分

you're actually not allowed to say Hutu or Tutsi.

不能有種族歧視

You're not allowed to identify anyone by ethnicity,

就是因為有種族歧視 當初才有大屠殺

which is, of course, what started the slaughter in the first place.

我有一位從事救援的朋友 告訴我一段很溫馨的故事

And an aid worker friend of mine told me the most beautiful story,

也許是我覺得很溫馨

or I find it beautiful.

有一群小孩 有的是胡圖族 有的是圖西族

There was a group of children, mixed Hutus and Tutsis,

和一群照顧他們的媽媽

and a group of women who were adopting them,

他們排成一列 一個接一個

and they lined up and one was just given to the next.

他們不求任何賠償 因為你是圖西族人

There was no kind of compensation for, you're a Tutsi,

你是胡圖族人 可能殺了我媽媽

you're a Hutu, you might have killed my mother,

可能殺了我爸爸

you might have killed my father.

他們只是心平氣和地團結在一起

They were just brought together in this kind of reconciliation,

我覺得很了不起

and I find this remarkable.

所以有人問我 在戰爭期間 我是怎麼採訪

So when people ask me how I continue to cover war,

為什麼要繼續當戰地記者?

and why I continue to do it,

這就是答案

this is why.

下星期我會回去敘利亞

When I go back to Syria, next week in fact,

事實上 我看到很多非常英勇的人

what I see is incredibly heroic people,

他們之中有人是為民主自由而戰

some of them fighting for democracy,

為我們每天視為理所當然的事情而戰

for things we take for granted every single day.

我會當記者 也差不多是因為這樣

And that's pretty much why I do it.

2004年 我兒子出生

In 2004, I had a little baby boy,

我把他稱做是希望之子

and I call him my miracle child,

因為再看過這麼多死亡

because after seeing so much death

毀滅、混亂和黑暗的場面之後

and destruction and chaos and darkness in my life,

一絲希望出現了

this ray of hope was born.

我把他取名叫路卡 意思是"帶來希望的人"

And I called him Luca, which means "The bringer of light,"

因為他真的為我帶來希望

because he does bring light to my life.

我會談到他 是因為在他4個月大時

But I'm talking about him because when he was four months old,

我的外籍編輯叫我回去巴格達

my foreign editor forced me to go back to Baghdad

我一直都有報導與薩達姆政權有關的事情

where I had been reporting all throughout the Saddam regime

在政權垮台前後

and during the fall of Baghdad and afterwards,

我記得我哭著上飛機

and I remember getting on the plane in tears,

我會哭是因為要跟兒子分開了

crying to be separated from my son,

還在那裡的時候

and while I was there,

我朋友是一位伊拉克相當知名的政治人物

a quite famous Iraqi politician who was a friend of mine

他對我說"妳在這裡幹嘛?"

said to me, "What are you doing here?

"妳怎麼沒在家陪路卡"

Why aren't you home with Luca?"

我說"我必須親眼見證" 那年是2004年

And I said, "Well, I have to see." It was 2004

也是伊拉克血腥時代的開端

which was the beginning of the incredibly bloody time in Iraq,

"我必須親眼見證這裡即將發生的大事"

"I have to see, I have to see what is happening here.

"我要讓全世界都知道"

I have to report it."

他說"妳趕快回家

And he said, "Go home,

因為如果妳錯過他長第一顆牙

because if you miss his first tooth,

沒看到他走的第一步 妳會非常後悔

if you miss his first step, you'll never forgive yourself.

但是世界上總會有戰爭發生"

But there will always be another war."

很不幸，戰爭隨時再發生

And there, sadly, will always be wars.

我對自己非常失望，我想身為一位新聞記者

And I am deluding myself if I think, as a journalist,

戰地記者和作家

as a reporter, as a writer,

要怎麼做才能阻止戰爭，但我想不到

what I do can stop them. I can't.

我不是科菲•安南 連他都沒辦法阻止

I'm not Kofi Annan. He can't stop a war.

他試著與敘利亞政府協商 但還是沒辦法

He tried to negotiate Syria and couldn't do it.

我不是聯合國衝突解決的成員

I'm not a U.N. conflict resolution person.

也不是人道救援行動的醫生

I'm not even a humanitarian aid doctor,

我有很多次覺得非常無助，多到數不清

and I can't tell you the times of how helpless I've felt

有人就在我面前死了，但是我沒辦法救他們

to have people dying in front of me, and I couldn't save them.

我只是一位目擊者

All I am is a witness.

我的工作就是讓無法發言的人，有管道向外界發聲

My role is to bring a voice to people who are voiceless.

我同事覺得這份工作就像一道希望之光

A colleague of mine described it as to shine a light

照亮世界最黑暗的角落

in the darkest corners of the world.

那也是我的理想

And that's what I try to do.

事情不可能都是一帆風順

I'm not always successful,

有時候，真的讓人很沮喪

and sometimes it's incredibly frustrating,

因為你會覺得好像寫了也沒用

because you feel like you're writing into a void,

大家都不在乎

or you feel like no one cares.

誰會在意敘利亞?波斯尼亞?

Who cares about Syria? Who cares about Bosnia?

誰會在意剛果共和國?

Who cares about the Congo,

象牙海岸 賴比瑞亞 獅子山共和國

the Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone,

這一長串的所有地方

all of these strings of places that

以後我還記得嗎?

I will remember for the rest of my life?

但我的工作就是為他們做見證

But my métier is to bear witness

這是很重要的關鍵，也是事件的核心

and that is the crux, the heart of the matter,

對我們這些紀錄戰地的記者來說

for us reporters who do this.

能做的就只有祈禱奇蹟發生

And all I can really do is hope,

而不是去拜託政府高層或政治人物

not to policymakers or politicians,

因為我想盡可能

because as much as I'd like to have faith

讓他們了解我說的話 做的事

that they read my words and do something,

我不會再欺騙自己

I don't delude myself.

我真的很希望 大家能夠記住我說的話

But what I do hope is that if you remember anything I said

或今天的故事，明天早上吃完早餐還記得的話

or any of my stories tomorrow morning over breakfast,

如果你還記得塞拉耶佛的故事

if you can remember the story of Sarajevo,

或盧旺達的故事

or the story of Rwanda,

我就不枉到此演說了

then I've done my job.

謝謝大家

Thank you very much.

(掌聲)

(Applause)