and perhaps in the next 10,000 years.

甚至是未來的一萬年。

But I want to start with my work on romantic love,

但我想從我對愛情的研究工作開始談起，

because that's my most recent work.

因為那是我最近的研究結果。

What I and my colleagues did was put 32 people, who were madly in love,

我和同事們把32位瘋狂陷入愛河的人們

into a functional MRI brain scanner.

放在MRI機器台上做了腦部掃描。

17 who were madly in love and their love was accepted;

其中17位愛的瘋狂，愛有得到回應，

and 15 who were madly in love and they had just been dumped.

另15位愛得入骨，但被甩了。

And so I want to tell you about that first,

所以我們先談談那個，

and then go on into where I think love is going.

然後再說未來愛的趨勢如何。

"What 'tis to love?" Shakespeare said.

「情為何物?」莎士比亞曾經問道。

I think our ancestors -- I think human beings have been wondering about this question

我想,我們人類的祖先從很久以前就開始思索這個問題，

since they sat around their campfires or lay and watched the stars a million years ago.

他們在夜空下圍著營火，躺下仰望繁星，百萬年前就開始沉思這個問題。

I started out by trying to figure out what romantic love was

我的工作由研究愛情的本質為何開始，

by looking at the last 45 years of research on -- just the psychological research --

我是從過去45年來的研究文獻著手--心理學範圍，

and as it turns out, there's a very specific group of things that happen when you fall in love.

結果發現，特定的一些事情會集中發生在愛意萌生時。

The first thing that happens is what I call --

第一件事，墜入愛河的人，

a person begins to take on what I call, "special meaning."

所有事物對他而言都有了「特殊意義」

As a truck driver once said to me,

一位卡車司機跟我說，

he said, "The world had a new center, and that center was Mary Anne."

他說：「這世界有了一個新的中心,我的瑪莉安,就是一切的中心。」

George Bernard Shaw said it a little differently.

蕭伯納說的差不多，

He said, "Love consists of overestimating the differences between one woman and another."

他說：「愛的成分不過就是,在兩個女人中過度高估了其中一位」

And indeed, that's what we do. (Laughter)

確實如此，一點也沒錯。

And then you just focus on this person.

然後你就這樣專心一意在一個人身上，

You can list what you don't like about them,

你可以列出你不喜歡他們的那些事情，

but then you sweep that aside and focus on what you do.

但你會把不喜歡清單扔到腦後，單只看喜歡的部份。

As Chaucer said, "Love is blind."

喬叟說過：「愛是盲目的」

In trying to understand romantic love,

當我嘗試著要釐清浪漫愛情，

I decided I would read poetry from all over the world,

我想就先從拜讀全世界的情詩開始吧。

and I just want to give you one very short poem from eighth-century China,

我介紹一首中國第八世紀的短詩，

because it's an almost perfect example of a man who is focused totally on a particular woman.

因為它正是表達了男人對某位特定女人如何癡迷的完美案例。

It's a little bit like when you are madly in love with somebody

它形容十分貼切-當你瘋狂的愛上某人的時候，

and you walk into a parking lot --

當你走入停車場，

their car is different from every other car in the parking lot.

就連你愛的對象的車，都和別的車子長得不一樣，

Their wine glass at dinner is different from every other wine glass at the dinner party.

晚宴上他們所持的酒杯，也和別的玻璃杯都不一樣。

And in this case, a man got hooked on a bamboo sleeping mat.

這位男子藉一張竹席而大發相思之情 (註:「鶯鶯傳」中的張生)

And it goes like this. It's by a guy called Yuan Chen:

詩中這麼說，這是元稹的作品：

"I cannot bear to put away the bamboo sleeping mat.

「竹簟襯重茵，未忍都令捲。

The night I brought you home, I watched you roll it out."

憶昨初來日，看君自施展。」

He became hooked on a sleeping mat,

睹物思人，對一張竹蓆難以忘情，

probably because of elevated activity of dopamine in his brain,

原因可能是大腦釋放旺盛的多巴胺，

just like with you and me.

就像你我的大腦也是如此運作。

But anyway, not only does this person take on special meaning,

但不只是特殊意義的產生而已，

you focus your attention on them.

你的注意力集中在他們身上，

You aggrandize them. But you have intense energy.

你還會誇張擴大你的對象，並且你精力無限，

As one Polynesian said, he said, "I felt like jumping in the sky."

就像一個玻里尼亞人曾說：「我想要一躍騰空。」

You're up all night. You're walking till dawn.

你可以整夜無眠，漫步到天明。

You feel intense elation when things are going well;

一切順利如意時，你會比平常還要開心，

mood swings into horrible despair when things are going poorly.

進展不順，心情盪到谷底，

Real dependence on this person.

你的情緒完完全全隨之起伏。

As one businessman in New York said to me, he said, "Anything she liked, I liked."

就像一位紐約商人所說：「只要是她喜歡的東西，我都喜歡。」

Simple. Romantic love is very simple.

很簡單，愛情就是這麼簡單。

You become extremely sexually possessive.

你在性方面極端地具有獨佔慾。

You know, if you're just sleeping with somebody casually,

如果你跟某人只是床伴，

you don't really care if they're sleeping with somebody else.

他們和別人睡的時候你不會介意。

But the moment you fall in love,

但一旦你愛上對方，

you become extremely sexually possessive of them.

你對他們的性佔有慾會極端強烈。

I think that that is a Darwinian -- there's a Darwinian purpose to this.

我想這在人類物種的演化上中是有其目的，

The whole point of this is to pull two people together

目的就是要把兩個人拉近，連在一起，

strongly enough to begin to rear babies as a team.

非常強的拉近力，好讓他們可以組成兩人團隊養育嬰孩長大。

But the main characteristics of romantic love are craving:

但浪漫愛情的主要特徵是渴求，

an intense craving to be with a particular person, not just sexually, but emotionally.

強烈的想要和某一特定對象長相左右的渴求，不只是性，更是於情感上的需求。

You'd much rather -- it would be nice to go to bed with them,

你會很想要的是—和他們上床當然甚好，

but you want them to call you on the telephone, to invite you out, etc.,

但你更想要的是他們打電話給你，約你出去之類的。

to tell you that they love you.

你想聽見他們說我愛你。

The other main characteristic is motivation.

情的另一個特徵是原動力，

The motor in your brain begins to crank, and you want this person.

就像腦中有一台發電機開始運轉，讓你很想要這個人。

And last but not least, it is an obsession.

最後但很重要的，愛情還是一種癡迷。

When I put these people in the machine, before I put them in the MRI machine,

當我把這些人放在MRI掃描機台上之前，

I would ask them all kinds of questions.

我問他們各式各樣的問題，

But my most important question was always the same.

但我最重要的問題總是同一個，

It was: "What percentage of the day and night do you think about this person?"

那就是：「你有多少時候，白天或晚上，會想到這個人呢？」

And indeed, they would say, "All day. All night. I can never stop thinking about him or her."

他們總是回答：「整日、整夜，我無法停止想念他/她。」

And then, the very last question I would ask them --

然後,最後我會問他們的問題是 —

I would always have to work myself up to this question,

我總是必須花一番功夫才能問這個問題，

because I am not a psychologist.

因為我不是心理醫師，

I don't work with people in any kind of traumatic situation.

我並不處理什麼心理創傷經驗，

And my final question was always the same.

但是我最後一個問題總是一樣，

I would say, "Would you die for him or her?"

我會問：「你是否願意為他/她而死?」

And, indeed, these people would say "Yes!"

這些人總是回答說：「會呀！」

as if I had asked them to pass the salt.

就像我問他能不能遞一下鹽罐子的輕鬆平常，

I was just staggered by it.

這讓我覺得十分驚訝。

So we scanned their brains, looking at a photograph of their sweetheart and looking at a neutral photograph,

進行大腦掃描時，我們給實驗者看一張愛人的照片，另外一張是尋常普通的相片，

with a distraction task in between.

看這些照片之間，會有一個轉移注意力用的小活動，

So we could look at the same brain when it was in that heightened state

我們可以觀察大腦在高度運作時

and when it was in a resting state.

以及在休息狀態的一些狀況。

And we found activity in a lot of brain regions.

我們發現一些特殊活動在腦中許多不同部位發生，

In fact, one of the most important was a brain region

事實上最重要的活動是發生在

that becomes active when you feel the rush of cocaine.

一塊當人吸食古柯鹼而有快感時活躍的部位。

And indeed, that's exactly what happens.

事實上，實況就是如此。

I began to realize that romantic love is not an emotion.

我開始了解到浪漫愛情不是一種情緒。

In fact, I had always thought it was a series of emotions,

過去我一直認為它是一系列的情緒，

from very high to very low.

從高昂到低迷。

But actually, it's a drive. It comes from the motor of the mind,

但事實上，它是一種驅動力，直接從精神上發動出來的力量，

the wanting part of the mind, the craving part of the mind.

精神上想望和渴求的部分。

The kind of mind -- part of the mind --

它像是

when you're reaching for that piece of chocolate,

你要吃那塊巧克力的想要，

when you want to win that promotion at work.

你在工作上想得到升遷的想要，

The motor of the brain. It's a drive.

是大腦的驅動組，它是驅動的力量。

And in fact, I think it's more powerful than the sex drive.

事實上，我認為它比性慾的驅動力更強。

You know, if you ask somebody to go to bed with you, and they say, "No, thank you,"

當你問某人要不要和你上床，他們說「不要」

you certainly don't kill yourself or slip into a clinical depression.

顯然你不會因此而自殺或陷入憂鬱症，

But certainly, around the world, people who are rejected in love will kill for it.

但是全世界都有人，因為在愛中被拒絕，而殺戮。

People live for love. They kill for love. They die for love.

人們為愛而生，為愛而殺，為愛而死。

They have songs, poems, novels, sculptures, paintings, myths, legends.

人為愛譜曲、賦詩、寫小說、刻雕像、繪畫、流傳了迷思和神話，

In over 175 societies, people have left their evidence of this powerful brain system.

世上超過175個社會，人們以此留下了這強大腦系統運作的證據。

I have come to think it's one of the most powerful brain systems on earth

我認為這是地球上最強的一種力量，

for both great joy and great sorrow.

它能帶來狂悲，也能帶來狂喜。

And I've also come to think that it's one of three

這讓我想到，愛情是三者其中之ㄧ，

basically different brain systems that evolved from mating and reproduction.

大腦為了適應求偶和繁殖，在演化過程中發展出三個不同的腦系統。

One is the sex drive: the craving for sexual gratification.

第一是性慾驅動：追求性滿足，

W.H. Auden called it an "intolerable neural itch,"

詩人奧登稱之為「難忍之癢」，

and indeed, that's what it is.

真的，很貼切，

It keeps bothering you a little bit, like being hungry.

它一直不斷的騷擾你，就像饑餓感。

The second of these three brain systems is romantic love:

第二個腦系統是浪漫愛情，

that elation, obsession of early love.

那種在愛情一開始，得意、熱烈、呈癡迷狀態的浪漫。

And the third brain system is attachment:

大腦中第三個系統是依存感，

that sense of calm and security you can feel for a long-term partner.

是相伴已久的伴侶能帶給你的那種平穩、安全感。

And I think that the sex drive evolved to get you out there,

我認為性慾是驅動你出來，

looking for a whole range of partners.

尋找各式各樣可能的對象。

You know, you can feel it when you're just driving along in your car.

就像，當你獨自一人在開車的時候，

It can be focused on nobody.

無意中你會注意到某個陌生人。

I think romantic love evolved to enable you to focus your mating energy

浪漫愛情的演化是為了要讓你在擇偶所花的精力上能產生焦點，

on just one individual at a time,

一次只專注在一個人上面，

thereby conserving mating time and energy.

這樣做可以節省擇偶的時間和精力。

And I think that attachment, the third brain system,

至於大腦中第三種系統：依存感，

evolved to enable you to tolerate this human being -- (Laughter) --

它的演化產生是為了，讓你對某一個人類有大一點的寬容，(笑聲)

at least long enough to raise a child together as a team.

至少寬容的時間夠讓你們能合力把孩子撫養長大。

So with that preamble, I want to go into discussing the two most profound social trends.

有了這樣的前題，我要繼續談到兩大社會趨勢，

One of the last 10,000 years and the other, certainly of the last 25 years,

第一個趨勢存在已一萬年，第二個則是出現於過去這25年—

that are going to have an impact on these three different brain systems:

兩者將對於這三個大腦系統帶來巨大的衝擊。

lust, romantic love and deep attachment to a partner.

這三個系統：性慾、浪漫愛情、和深切的依附感。

The first is women working, moving into the workforce.

第一是職業婦女，進入職場，

I've looked at 130 societies through the demographic yearbooks of the United Nations.

我看過了150 —130個社會，透過聯合國所公告的人口數字年鑑，

And everywhere in the world, 129 out of 130 of them, women are not only moving into the job market --

在世界上每個角落，130當中的129個，女性不只是進入工作市場，

sometimes very, very slowly, but they are moving into the job market --

有時候非常非常緩慢，但她們的確正在逐步進入職場，

and they are very slowly closing that gap between men and women

而且正慢慢地在經濟影響力，健康和教育程度上

in terms of economic power, health and education.

追上男女之間的落差。

It's very slow.

速度很慢，

For every trend on this planet, there's a counter-trend.

地球上每出現一個潮流，也會有個反潮流。

We all know of them, but nevertheless --

我們都知道這是必然的，儘管如此，有句古老的阿拉伯俗語：

the Arabs say, "The dogs may bark, but the caravan moves on."

「狗就算吠，篷車照開。」

And, indeed, that caravan is moving on.

確實，篷車是繼續前行的。

Women are moving back into the job market.

女性又再回到了工作職場中，

And I say back into the job market, because this is not new.

而我說「再」回到了工作職場，因為這不是新鮮事。

For millions of years, on the grasslands of Africa,

遠古世界曾經有百萬年，在非洲大草原上，

women commuted to work to gather their vegetables.

女人以外出採集蔬果為她們的工作，

They came home with 60 to 80 percent of the evening meal.

帶回家供應晚餐的食物份量達60%到80%，

The double income family was the standard.

雙薪家庭對他們而言是常態。

And women were regarded as just as economically, socially and sexually powerful as men.

女人在經濟、社會地位、性的方面和男人是平起平坐的。

In short, we're really moving forward to the past.

簡言之，我們去向的前方其實是回到了古早以往。

Then, women's worst invention was the plow.

之後，女人最不妙的發明就是「犁」。

With the beginning of plow agriculture, men's roles became extremely powerful.

有了犁田的農業，男人變重要了，

Women lost their ancient jobs as collectors,

女人則失去了他們古老的採集者的工作。

but then with the industrial revolution and the post-industrial revolution

但藉由工業革命和後工業革命，

they're moving back into the job market.

女性又再度回到了就業市場。

In short, they are acquiring the status that they had a million years ago,

簡言之，她們取得的是一百萬年前、一萬年前、

10,000 years ago, 100,000 years ago.

或十萬年前，就已經存在的社會地位。

We are seeing now one of the most remarkable traditions in the history of the human animal.

我們現在正目擊人類歷史上最鮮明的傳統特質重現，

And it's going to have an impact.

它會帶來一些衝擊，

I generally give a whole lecture on the impact of women on the business community.

關於女性在商業社群中帶來的衝擊效應，就又是另一篇演講了，

I'll only just say a couple of things, and then go on to sex and love.

我在此只略提一二。然後我要講的是性和愛，

There's a lot of gender differences;

兩性間有很大的差異，

anybody who thinks men and women are alike simply never had a boy and a girl child.

那些說男人和女人沒有差別的人，恐怕是自己未曾養育過一男和一女。

I don't know why it is that they want to think that men and women are alike.

我不明白他們為何說男女沒什麼不同，

There's much we have in common, but there's a whole lot that we

我們確實有許多共通點，但也有許多

do not have in common.

非共通點。

We are -- in the words of Ted Hughes,

套一句詩人休斯說的，

"I think that we were built to be -- we're like two feet. We need each other to get ahead."

「人類生而有雙腳，雙腳彼此合作才能邁步向前 — 人類兩性也一樣，彼此需要。」

But we did not evolve to have the same brain.

但在演化的過程中我們有了不一樣的大腦，

And we're finding more and more and more gender differences in the brain.

許多的不同存在於兩性之間，就大腦而言。

I'll only just use a couple and then move on to sex and love.

我舉其中一二為例，然後接著再講性與愛。

One of them is women's verbal ability. Women can talk.

其中之ㄧ是女性的語言能力，女人比較會說話，

Women's ability to find the right word rapidly, basic articulation

女性能比較快找到正確的措辭，基本修辭能力，

goes up in the middle of the menstrual cycle, when estrogen levels peak.

在生理週期正中央時達到巔峰，此時雌激素最旺盛，

But even at menstruation, they're better than the average man.

但即使在行經期間，她的口語表達能力也比一般男人較好，

Women can talk.

女人就是會說話。

They've been doing it for a million years; words were women's tools.

百萬年以來都如此進行，女人的工具就是言語文字。

They held that baby in front of their face,

她們端詳雙臂中懷抱的嬰兒，

cajoling it, reprimanding it, educating it with words.

逗弄、輕聲責罵、用言語教育孩子們，

And, indeed, they're becoming a very powerful force.

而的確，女性們正形成一股強有力的勢力，

Even in places like India and Japan,

甚至是在印度以及日本這些地方，

where women are not moving rapidly into the regular job market,

女性或許沒有很快速的進入一般職場，

they're moving into journalism.

但她們進入了專業新聞領域，

And I think that the television is like the global campfire.

我認為電視像是全球以之為中心的一團營火，

We sit around it and it shapes our minds.

我們都環繞電視而坐，讓心智接收電視的教化。

Almost always, when I'm on TV, the producers who call me,

每次當我上電視，前來和我溝通

who negotiate what we're going to say, is a woman.

待會要說什麼內容的製作人幾乎全是女性。

In fact, Solzhenitsyn once said,

索忍尼辛曾說：

"To have a great writer is to have another government."

「好作家的功用，等同於另一個政府。」

Today 54 percent of people who are writers in America are women.

今天有54%的美國作家是女性，

It's one of many, many characteristics that women have

語言能力只是女性帶進工作職場

that they will bring into the job market.

的許許多多專有特色之一。

They've got incredible people skills, negotiating skills.

女性還有絕佳人際溝通技巧、協商技巧

They're highly imaginative.

以及高度想像力。

We now know the brain circuitry of imagination, of long-term planning.

如今我們明白大腦中有想像力的線路，有長期規劃的線路。

They tend to be web thinkers.

女性是網路型思考者，

Because the female parts of the brain are better connected,

因為女性大腦的連結程度比較好，

they tend to collect more pieces of data when they think,

思考時會收集較多的資訊，

put them into more complex patterns, see more options and outcomes.

也將資訊放進較複雜的架構中，因此看出更多的選項和後果。

They tend to be contextual, holistic thinkers, what I call web thinkers.

她們是比較完整、能觀前顧後的思考者，我稱之為網路型思考者。

Men tend to -- and these are averages -- tend to get rid of what they regard as extraneous,

男性則是 — 一般而言 — 捨棄他們認為多餘的，

focus on what they do, and move in a more step-by-step thinking pattern.

只看他們要做的，採取一種規律步驟型的思考方式。

They're both perfectly good ways of thinking.

兩種思考方式都很好，

We need both of them to get ahead.