this is Crash Course World History

and today we’re gonna talk about the Cold War,

which actually lasted into my lifetime,

which means that I can bore you with stories from my past

like your grandpa does.

When I was a kid,

they made us practice hiding under our desks in the event of a nuclear attack,

because, you know,

school desks are super good at repelling radiation. [formica is magical stuff]

Mr. Green, Mr. Green!

Right, remember in elementary school

there was this special guest who’d defected from the Soviet Union, and he had--

--Like this crazy Russian accent and he kept going on and on about how--

Reagan should spit in Gorbachev’s face instead of signing treaties with him.

And I was like, whoa dude calm down. You’re in a room full of third graders.

And then for like months afterward on the playground,

we’d play Reagan:Gorbachev and spit in each other’s faces.

Those were the days.

Sometimes I forget that you’re me, Me from the Past. [ahhh… so sweet!]

Yeah, it’s just really nice to talk to you and feel like you’re lis—

You’re boring. Cue the intro. [ah ha! there it is.]

[BEST]

[intro music]

[intro music]

[intro music]

[intro music]

[intro music]

[EVER!]

So the Cold War was a rivalry between the USSR and the USA that played out globally.

We’ve tried to shy away from calling

conflicts ideological or civilizational here on Crash Course,

but in this case,

the “clash of civilizations” model really does apply.

Socialism,

at least as Marx constructed it, wanted to take over the world,

and many Soviets saw themselves in a conflict with bourgeois capitalism itself.

And the Soviets saw American

rebuilding efforts in Europe and Japan as the U.S. trying to expand its markets,

which, by the way,

is exactly what we were doing.

So the U.S. feared that the USSR wanted to destroy democratic

and capitalist institutions.

And the Soviets feared that the US wanted to use its money and power

to dominate Europe and eventually destroy the Soviet system.

And both parties were right to be worried.

It’s not paranoia if they really are out to

get you. [tinfoil hats, always in season]

Now of course we’ve seen a lot of

geopolitical struggles between major world powers here on Crash Course,

but this time there was the special added bonus

that war could lead to the destruction of the human species.

That was new for world history,

and it’s worth remembering: It’s still new.

Here’s the period of time we’ve discussed on Crash Course.

And this is how long we’ve had

the technological capability to exterminate ourselves.

So that’s worrisome.

Immediately after World War II,

the Soviets created a sphere of influence in eastern Europe,

dominating the countries where the Red Army had pushed back the Nazis,

which is why Winston Churchill famously said in 1946

that an “Iron Curtain” had descended across Europe.

While the dates of the Cold War are usually given between 1945 and 1990,

a number of historians will tell you that it actually started during World War II.

Stalin’s distrust of the U.S. and Britain kept growing

as they refused to invade Europe and open up a second front against the Nazis.

And some even say that the decision to drop the first Atomic Bombs on Japan

was motivated in part by a desire to intimidate the Soviets.

That sort of worked, but only insofar

as it motivated the Soviets to develop atomic bombs of their own—

they successfully tested their first one in 1949.

From the beginning,

the U.S had the advantage because

it had more money and power and could provide Europe protection

what with its army and one of a kind nuclear arsenal

while Europe rebuilt.

The USSR had to rebuild itself,

and also they had the significant disadvantage of being controlled

by noted asshat Joseph Stalin.

I will remind you, it’s not cursing

if he’s wearing an ass for a hat. [way to hang your asshat on a technicality]

Oh, I guess it’s time for the open letter.

[professionally propels toward prop like a perfectly poised & practiced projectile]

An Open Letter to Joseph Stalin.

But first,

let’s see what’s in the secret compartment today.

Oh, it’s silly putty.

Silly putty: the thing that won the Cold War.

[gotta be a Reagan joke in there somewhere]

This is exactly the kind of useless consumer good

that would never have been produced in the Soviet Union.

And it is because we had so much more consumer spending,

on stuff like silly putty, that we won the Cold War.

Go team!

Dear Joseph Stalin,

You really sucked.

There was a great moment in your life, at your first wife’s funeral,

when you said, “I don’t think I shall ever love again.”

And then later,

you had that wife’s whole family killed. [solid case for NOT putting a ring on it]

Putting aside the fact that you’re responsible for tens of millions of deaths,

I don’t like you because of the way that you treated your son, Yakov.

I mean, you were really mean to him

and then he shot himself and he didn’t die

and you said, “He can’t even shoot straight.”

And then later, when he was captured during World War II,

you had a chance to exchange prisoners for him, but you declined.

And then he died in a prison camp.

You were a terrible leader, a terrible person, and a terrible father.

Best wishes, John Green

Alright, let’s go to the Thought Bubble.

Europe was the first battleground of the Cold War, especially Germany,

which was divided into 2 parts

with the former capital, Berlin, also divided into 2 parts.

and yes, I know the western part was divided into smaller occupation zones,

but I’m simplifying.

In 1948, the Soviets tried to cut off West Berlin,

by closing the main road that led into the city, but the Berlin airlift stopped them.

And then in 1961, the Soviets tried again and this time they were

much more successful building a wall around West Berlin,

although it’s worth noting that the thing was up for less than 30 years.

I mean,

Meatloaf’s career has lasted longer than the Berlin Wall did.[Oh y-- NOOO!!]

The U.S. response to the Soviets was a policy called containment;

it basically involved stopping the spread of communism

by standing up to the Soviets wherever they seemed to want to expand.

In Europe this meant spending a lot of money.

First the Marshall Plan spent $13 billion on re-building western Europe

with grants and credits that Europeans would spend on American consumer goods

and on construction.

Capitalism’s cheap food and plentiful stuff, it was hoped,

would stop the spread of communism.

The US also tried to slow the spread of communism by founding NATO

and with CIA interventions in elections [looked better on paper]

where communists had a chance, as in Italy.

But despite all the great spy novels and shaken not stirred martinis,

the Cold War never did heat up in Europe.

Probably the most important part of the Cold War

that people just don’t remember these days is the nuclear arms race.

Both sides developed nuclear arsenals,

the Soviets initially with the help of spies who stole American secrets.

Eventually the nuclear arsenals were so big

that the U.S. and USSR agreed on a strategy appropriately called MAD,

which stood for “mutually assured destruction.”

Thanks Thought Bubble.

And yes, nuclear weapons were, and are,

capable of destroying humanity many times over.

[regardless of Iran's access to Photoshop]

But only once or twice did we get close to nuclear war:

during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis and then again in 1983,

when we forgot to give the Russians the heads up that we were doing some war games,

which made it look like we had launched a first strike.

OUR BAD! [closer to ultimate fail than epic fail]

But even though mutually assured destruction prevented direct conflict,

there was plenty of hot war in the Cold War.

The Korean War saw lots of fighting between communists and capitalists,

as did the Vietnam War.

I mean, these days we remember “the domino effect” as silly paranoia,

but after Korea and especially China became communist,

Vietnam’s movement toward communism seemed very much a threat to Japan,

which the U.S. had helped re-make into a vibrant capitalist ally.

So the US got bogged down in one of its longest wars

while the Soviets assisted the North Vietnamese army in the Viet Cong.

But then we paid them back by supporting the anti-communist mujaheddin

after the Soviets invaded Afghanistan in 1979.

Of course, as we now know, nobody conquers Afghanistan

…unless you are the mongols.

[The tune of truly tendering terror to tons of tearfully troubled tribes]

So after 10 disastrous years, the Soviets finally abandoned Afghanistan.

Some of those mujahedeen later became members of the Taliban,

though, so it’s difficult to say that anyone won that war.

But it wasn’t just Asia:

In Nicaragua, the US supported rebels to overthrow the leftist government;

in El Salvador,

the US bolstered authoritarian regimes that were threatened by left-wing guerrillas.

The United States ended up supporting a lot of awful governments,

like the one in Guatemala, which held onto power through the use of death squads.

[like i said, looked better on paper]

Frankly, all our attempts to stabilize governments in Latin America

led to some very unstable Latin American governments, and quite a lot of violence.

And then there were the luke-warm conflicts,

like The Suez Crisis where British and French paratroopers were sent in

to try to stop Egypt from nationalizing the Suez canal.

Or all the American covert operations to keep various countries from

“falling” to communism.

These included the famous CIA-engineered coup to overthrow

Iran’s democratically elected prime minister Mohammed Mossadeq

after his government attempted to nationalize Iran’s oil industry.

And the CIA helping Chile’s General Augusto Pinochet overthrow

democratically elected Marxist president Salvador Allende in 1973.

And lest we think the Americans were the only bad guys in this,

the Soviets used force to crush popular uprisings in Hungary in 1956

and in Czechoslovakia in 1968.

So, you may have noticed that our discussion of the Cold War

has branched out from Europe to include Asia, and the Middle East,

and Latin America.

And in fact,

almost every part of the globe was involved in some way with the

planet being divided into three “worlds.”

The first world was the U.S., Western Europe and any place that

embraced capitalism and a more or less democratic form of government.

The Second World was the Soviet Union and its satellites,

mostly the Warsaw Pact nations, China and Cuba.

The Third World was everyone else and we don’t use this term anymore

because it lumps together a hugely diverse range of countries.

We’ll talk more about the specific economic and development challenges

faced by the so-called “Third World countries,”

but the big one in terms of the Cold War, was that neither the U.S. nor the Soviets

wanted any of these countries to remain neutral.

Every nation was supposed to pick sides, either capitalist or communist,

and while it seems like an easy choice now,

in the 50s and 60s, it wasn’t nearly so clear.

I mean, for a little while, it seemed like the Soviets might come out ahead,

at least in the Third World.

For a while, capitalism, and especially the United States,

seemed to lose some of its luster.

The US propped up dictatorships, had a poor civil rights record,

we sucked at women’s gymnastics.

Plus, the Soviets were the first to put a satellite, a man, and a dog into space.

Plus, Marxists just seemed cooler,

which is why you never see Milton Friedman t-shirts...

until now available at DFTBA.com.

I like that, Stan,

but I’m more of a centrist.

Can I get a Keynes shirt?

Yes. That, now that’s hot.

But Soviet socialism did not finally prove