because those are the things we see but the only reason these big structures

因為那些是我們所能見到的，但這些大型物體存在的唯一原因為

exist is because of the nature of nothingness - empty space. But to

虛無的本質---空無一物的太空

understand why we have to go back to the beginning. The very beginning. The big bang.

但為了了解為什麼我們要追溯起源，最早的起源，大爆炸

You know, I always thought that in the Big Bang the observable universe

你知道，我一直認為在大爆炸中，宇宙

started as a point and then just expanded steadily more or less to the

起初為一個點，然後穩定膨脹到差不多

point that we're at today but that's not actually how it happened.

現今的大小，然而事實並不如此

There were four different phases in the universe's expansion. To start it was expanding

在宇宙的膨脹中有四個不同的階段。一開始她會穩定地膨脹

steadily but then after just a tiny fraction of a second the expansion just

但在經過一個瞬間的小分裂後，宇宙的膨脹

blew up and the whole universe increased in size by like ten to the twenty six

變大，整個宇宙的尺寸在短時間內增加十到二十六倍

times in a very short period of time and that period is known as inflation and

那段時間就稱為膨脹

then just as abruptly as it began inflation stopped and after that the

然後膨脹如開始一樣突然停止，在那之後

universe continued expanding but at a decreasing rate so the expansion of the

宇宙以漸緩速度繼續膨脹，所以宇宙的膨脹

universe was actually slowing down which is exactly what you expect if the

是如你預期地漸漸變慢的，如果

universe is full of massive objects that gravitationally attract each other

宇宙充滿地心引力物質彼此吸引

but then about five or six billion years ago the expansion of the universe

但在大約五六十億年前宇宙的膨脹

started speeding up again and this is thought to be caused by dark energy,

開始重新加速，這個現象被認為是由暗能量所引起的

an energy tied to space. So before that time there was enough matter, the matter

而暗能量是太空所具有的。所以在有足夠物質、

density was high enough, that it was pulling everything back together slowing

物質密度夠高之前，所有東西拉在一起並減低

down the expansion but once the universe reached a critical size

膨脹速度，但一旦宇宙達到一個臨界尺寸

well then there was enough dark energy to start pushing things apart and that

就會有足夠的暗能量將物質分離，而那

is the phase that we're still in the expansion of the universe is accelerating.

是宇宙膨脹加速的階段

Now, this story doesn't really explain the formation of galaxies

這個故事並沒有真正解釋銀河的形成

until you tie in the nature of nothingness

直到你將虛無本質連結在一起

now ordinarily we think of everything around us as made of particles of atoms

現在我們一般都認為所有在我們身邊的物質都是由原子

and electrons but our best theories of physics are actually field theories that

和電子所組成，但最好的物理解釋理論是場域理論

say all these particles should be seen as just excitations in fields.

這理論闡述應該要將這些粒子視為場域中的激發態

The word "field" always gets me because it makes me think of... well, fields.

「場域」這個字總是引起我興趣，因為它讓我想到......場域

but a field is just something that has a value everywhere in space.

但一個場域是一個處處都有值的空間

So every subatomic particle has its own field: an electron field, an up quark field,

所以每個微小原子例子都有它的場域：一個電子場域、一個上夸克場域

a down quark field, a neutrino field, and so on...

一個下夸克場域、一個中微子場域等等

And anywhere there's an excitation in this field

而場域內有激發態的地方

that is some energy in the field

意味著在場域中有一些能量

well that is where we will observe particles. So out in completely empty

而那正是我們觀察粒子的地方，所以在完全空

space where the values for all of these fields are basically zero.

的地方，這些場域的數值基本上都是零

but here's the thing

重點來了

it's impossible to make a field perfectly flat and 0.

不可能會有場域是完全平坦且數值為零

You cannot take a quantum field and make it completely quiet.

你不可能取一個量子場域並讓他完全安靜

It's the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

這是海森堡測不準原理

It says you can't take a particle and pinpoint it to exactly zero energy

他敘述你不能取一個粒子並準確轟炸到零能量

likewise you can't take a quantum field and make it exactly flat everywhere.

這就像是你不可能拿一個量子場域並讓他四處平坦

Now, this is important because ordinarily these fluctuations are really really

現在這很重要，因為這些波動一般是非常非常

tiny and they only affect subatomic processes but during that period of

微小，而且他們只會影響微原子過程，但在膨脹過程中

inflation the universe expanded in size so rapidly and so incredibly that those

宇宙膨脹的非常快速以至於那些

tiny fluctuations got blown up to the scale of the observable universe

微小波動擴大到可見宇宙的規模

Now, without them we think the matter distribution in the universe would have

現在在沒有他們的情況下，我們認為宇宙中的物質分佈

been completely homogeneous completely uniform and that means the gravitational

會完全同植、一致，而這意味著地心引力

force on any object in the universe would have been the same in all

在宇宙中的任一物體上在任一方向會一樣

directions which means nothing would ever have collapsed into the big

這意味著沒有東西會碰撞成現今的大型

structures that we see today but thanks to these fluctuations there were

結構，但由於這些波動，會有

slightly denser and less dense regions and of course the denser regions had

輕微較密集或較不密集的區域，當然較密集的區域會又

stronger gravitational fields so they pulled in the matter from around them

較強的地心引力場域，所以他們會將圍繞周圍的物質拉在一起

and that clumped together the matter into huge gas clouds that would go on to be

並形成可能會成為銀河的大型氣體雲

the galaxies that contain the stars and the planets and the things we know today

裏頭會包含星星、行星還有那些我們現今知道的物質

you can actually see the imprint of these quantum fluctuations in the

你可以看到這些量子波動的蹤跡

leftover radiation from the Big Bang the cosmic microwave background radiation

在大爆炸宇宙微波背景輻射後所留下的輻射裡

the quantum fluctuations in the fields were amplified to big classical fluctuations

場域中的量子波動也會放大成大的典型波動

in the density of

各地的物質密度

matter from place to place and those fluctuations in the density of matter show up

和物質密度的波動顯現

in the universe today as temperature differences in the cosmic background

在現今宇宙，例如宇宙背景裡的溫度差異

radiation and ultimately in things like stars and planets and galaxies

輻射和最終會成為星星、行星和銀河的東西

I think it is incredible that without these fluctuations in the vacuum these tiny

我認為這是很不可思議的，因為沒有這些在真空裡的波動，這些微小

insignificant things that we take for granted our universe might really

不起眼、讓我們視為理所當然的宇宙物質可能真的

contain nothing. Nothing of interest anyway...

會空無一物，不再有令人值得探討的東西......

Speaking of vacuum

說到真空

this episode was supported in part by Dyson who sent me their 360 eye vacuuming robot

這個影片是由Dyson所贊助的，他寄給我360 eye吸塵機器人

it's got this little camera on the top that can see 360 degrees around it now

他的頂部有這個可以看360度的小相機

it uses that vision plus some complex math and trigonometry to work out its

現在他利用這個視角加上一些複雜的數學和三角學讓他

location precisely and to figure out where it's cleaned already and where it

能準確定位並且了解哪裡已經清理過以及哪裡

still needs to clean it actually makes a map that you can see on your phone using

還需要加強，他會做成一個地圖，而你可以透過dyson app在手機上看到

the dyson app and you can use that app also to control the vacuum or to

你也可以用這個應用程式來控制吸塵器或是

schedule it even when you're not at home so I for one welcome robots taking over

甚至當你不在家的時候也可對他做計畫，這個機器人會做

the housework you want to find out more you can click the link in the

所有你想要做的家務，如果想知道更多的資訊，你可以點

description so i want to thank Dyson for supporting me and I want to thank my

描述中的連結，我想謝謝Dyson

patreon supporters and of course you for watching

patreon 支持者和在觀賞影片的你們的支持