likewise, our body is made up of thousands and thousands of

同樣地，我們的身體是由成千上萬個細胞

cells

所組成

What is a cell? Cell is a basic structural

細胞是什麼？細胞是生命的基本構造

and functional unit of life. It is the smallest unit of life

和功能單位。是生命的最小單元

and is often called, the building block of life

常被稱為建構生命的磚塊

the cell was discovered by Robert hooke in 1665

細胞是虎克在1665年發現的

he examined (under coarse, compound microscope)

他檢視(用很粗糙的複式顯微鏡)

very thin slices of cork and saw a multitude of tiny pores that he remarked looked

很薄的軟木塞薄片，看見許多小孔隙，他覺得

like the walled compartments

看起來像用牆分隔的小房間

and named them cells

並將之取名為cell(拉丁文：小室)

Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodore

許萊登和

Schwann proposed cell theory in 1839

許旺在1839年發表細胞學說

which states that all plants and animals are made up of cells

主張所有動植物都是由細胞所組成

and cell is the basic unit of life.

而且細胞是生命的基本單位

unicellular organisms

單細胞生物

they are formed of one cell example amoeba,

由一個細胞組成，舉例：變形蟲

paramecium etc multicellular organisms

草履蟲等等。多細胞生物

they are formed of many cells examples

由多個細胞組成，例如

we human beings etc

我們人類

take a look at the structure of

我們來看看

an animal cell

動物細胞的結構

and now

現在

the structure of a plant cell

植物細胞的結構

let's talk about the components of a cell, cell membrane

我們來談談細胞的組成。細胞膜

it is the outermost elastic covering of the cell

是細胞最外層有彈性的膜

it is made up of lipids and proteins

由脂肪和蛋白質構成

it protects the cell from injury and allows

保護細胞不受傷害並且允許

osmosis it is selectively permeable

滲透作用。有選透性

and allows endocytosis membrane has carrier proteins

並且允許胞吞作用。膜上有運輸蛋白

for active transport

可以傳送物質

cell wall it is a rigid semi elastic

細胞壁：它是一個固態、半流質的

protective and permeable covering present outside the cell membrane

保護性的、可通透的細胞膜外的包覆物

only in plant cells it is made up of cellulose ,

只有植物細胞有。它由纖維素、

hemicellulose and pectin . it gives strength to plants

半纖維素、果膠所組成。它讓植物有支撐力

and prevents cell from bursting.

並且防止植物脹破

nucleus it is made up of four

細胞核：它是由四個部分

parts nuclear membrane nucleoplasm

構成，核膜、核質、

nucleolus and chromatin material

核仁和染色質

it controls all cell functions and brings

它控制細胞所有的功能和

about cell differentiation DNA

細胞分化

of chromosome transfers the hereditary characters

染色體的DNA把遺傳因子

from parents to off springs

從親代轉移到子代

cytoplasm it is a Jelly like semi fluid substance

細胞質：它是像果凍般半流質的物質

it is present between cell membrane and nucleus

位於細胞膜和細胞核之間

various cell organelles are present in it

內含各種不同的胞器

cell organelles these

胞器：它們是

are tiny sub-cellular structures specialized to perform specific

比細胞更小的結構，專門執行特定的

functions

功能

and hence are very important as they Carry out important functions

它們非常重要，因為它們執行重要功能

the various cell organelles

各種不同的胞器

and their functions are endoplasmic recticulum, Golgi apparatus

以及它們的功能：內質網及高基氏體

they are membrane-bound vesicles arranged

它們是膜狀囊泡

parallel to each other in tiny sacs

彼此以細小的囊狀平行排列

called cisternae, it helps in formation of cell wall, cell membrane and lysosomes

稱為扁囊。幫助形成細胞壁、細胞膜和溶體

complex sugars may be made from simple sugars in golgi

複雜的醣類可以在高基氏體裡由簡單的醣類形成

apparatus Lysosomes

溶體

they are smaller vesicles covered by single membrane

它們是由單層膜覆蓋的小囊泡

and contain digestive enzymes they are known

內含消化酵素。它們被稱為

as a suicide bags of the cell. they destroy foreign particles

細胞的自殺袋。它們破壞外來粒子

and remove dead and wornout cells Mitochondria

並清除老舊細胞。粒線體

these are rod shaped covered by double membrane

他們是由雙層膜包覆的短棒

it is the site for respiration

是呼吸作用發生的地方

it provides the energy in the form of

它提供能量以

adenosine triphosphate for various chemical

ATP的形式給各種化學

activities hence it is called the power house

反應，因此被稱為

of the cell plastids

細胞的發電廠。質體(色素體)

these are present only in plant cells

它們只出現在植物細胞

and are of two types: leucoplast and chromoplast

有兩種形式：白色體和雜色體

green coloured plastids called chloroplast contain

綠色的質體稱為葉綠體，含有

chlorophyll and are important for photosynthesis

葉綠素，對光合作用很重要

chromoplast give colour to flowers

雜色體呈色給花

and fruits leucoplast store starch,

果。白色體儲存澱粉

oil and proteins ,

油脂和蛋白質

ribosomes

核醣體

this is a structure of a ribosome

這是核醣體的結構

vacuole animal cells have small sized Vacuoles

液胞：動物細胞有小的液胞

while plant cells have very large vacuoles

而植物細胞有非常大的液胞

they are covered by single membrane called tonoplast

它們被單層膜包覆，稱為液胞膜

Turgidity and rigidity of plant cell

植物細胞的膨壓和張力

is due to cells sap. thank you.

是由細胞液決定。謝謝