We don't live in the world our mothers lived in,

our grandmothers lived in,

where career choices for women were so limited.

And if you're in this room today,

most of us grew up in a world where we have basic civil rights,

and amazingly, we still live in a world where some women don't have them.

But all that aside, we still have a problem,

and it's a real problem.

And the problem is this:

Women are not making it to the top of any profession

anywhere in the world.

The numbers tell the story quite clearly.

190 heads of state -- nine are women.

Of all the people in parliament in the world,

13 percent are women.

In the corporate sector, women at the top,

C-level jobs, board seats --

tops out at 15, 16 percent.

The numbers have not moved since 2002

and are going in the wrong direction.

And even in the non-profit world,

a world we sometimes think of as being led by more women,

women at the top: 20 percent.

We also have another problem,

which is that women face harder choices

between professional success and personal fulfillment.

A recent study in the U.S. showed that, of married senior managers,

two-thirds of the married men had children

and only one-third of the married women had children.

A couple of years ago, I was in New York,

and I was pitching a deal,

and I was in one of those fancy New York private equity offices

you can picture.

And I'm in the meeting -- it's about a three-hour meeting --

and two hours in, there needs to be that bio break,

and everyone stands up,

and the partner running the meeting starts looking really embarrassed.

And I realized he doesn't know where the women's room is in his office.

So I start looking around for moving boxes,

figuring they just moved in, but I don't see any.

And so I said, "Did you just move into this office?"

And he said, "No, we've been here about a year."

And I said, "Are you telling me that I am the only woman

to have pitched a deal in this office in a year?"

And he looked at me, and he said,

"Yeah. Or maybe you're the only one who had to go to the bathroom."

(Laughter)

So the question is, how are we going to fix this?

How do we change these numbers at the top?

How do we make this different?

I want to start out by saying, I talk about this --

about keeping women in the workforce --

because I really think that's the answer.

In the high-income part of our workforce,

in the people who end up at the top --

Fortune 500 CEO jobs, or the equivalent in other industries --

the problem, I am convinced, is that women are dropping out.

Now people talk about this a lot,

and they talk about things like flextime and mentoring

and programs companies should have to train women.

I want to talk about none of that today,

even though that's all really important.

Today I want to focus on what we can do as individuals.

What are the messages we need to tell ourselves?

What are the messages we tell the women that work with and for us?

What are the messages we tell our daughters?

Now, at the outset, I want to be very clear

that this speech comes with no judgments.

I don't have the right answer.

I don't even have it for myself.

I left San Francisco, where I live, on Monday,

and I was getting on the plane for this conference.

And my daughter, who's three, when I dropped her off at preschool,

did that whole hugging-the-leg, crying, "Mommy, don't get on the plane" thing.

This is hard. I feel guilty sometimes.

I know no women,

whether they're at home or whether they're in the workforce,

who don't feel that sometimes.

So I'm not saying that staying in the workforce

is the right thing for everyone.

My talk today is about what the messages are

if you do want to stay in the workforce,

and I think there are three.

One, sit at the table.

Two, make your partner a real partner.

And three, don't leave before you leave.

Number one: sit at the table.

Just a couple weeks ago at Facebook,

we hosted a very senior government official,

and he came in to meet with senior execs

from around Silicon Valley.

And everyone kind of sat at the table.

He had these two women who were traveling with him

pretty senior in his department,

and I kind of said to them,

"Sit at the table. Come on, sit at the table,"

and they sat on the side of the room.

When I was in college, my senior year,

I took a course called European Intellectual History.

Don't you love that kind of thing from college?

I wish I could do that now.

And I took it with my roommate, Carrie,

who was then a brilliant literary student --

and went on to be a brilliant literary scholar --

and my brother -- smart guy,

but a water-polo-playing pre-med,

who was a sophomore.

The three of us take this class together.

And then Carrie reads all the books in the original Greek and Latin,

goes to all the lectures.

I read all the books in English

and go to most of the lectures.

My brother is kind of busy.

He reads one book of 12 and goes to a couple of lectures,

marches himself up to our room

a couple days before the exam to get himself tutored.

The three of us go to the exam together, and we sit down.

And we sit there for three hours --

and our little blue notebooks -- yes, I'm that old.

We walk out, we look at each other, and we say, "How did you do?"

And Carrie says, "Boy, I feel like I didn't really draw out the main point

on the Hegelian dialectic."

And I say, "God, I really wish I had really connected

John Locke's theory of property with the philosophers that follow."

And my brother says,

"I got the top grade in the class."

(Laughter)

"You got the top grade in the class?

You don't know anything."

(Laughter)

The problem with these stories is that they show what the data shows:

women systematically underestimate their own abilities.

If you test men and women,

and you ask them questions on totally objective criteria like GPAs,

men get it wrong slightly high,

and women get it wrong slightly low.

Women do not negotiate for themselves in the workforce.

A study in the last two years

of people entering the workforce out of college

showed that 57 percent of boys entering, or men, I guess,

are negotiating their first salary,

and only seven percent of women.

And most importantly,

men attribute their success to themselves,

and women attribute it to other external factors.

If you ask men why they did a good job,

they'll say, "I'm awesome.

Obviously. Why are you even asking?"

If you ask women why they did a good job,

what they'll say is someone helped them,

they got lucky, they worked really hard.

Why does this matter?

Boy, it matters a lot.

Because no one gets to the corner office

by sitting on the side, not at the table,

and no one gets the promotion

if they don't think they deserve their success,

or they don't even understand their own success.

I wish the answer were easy.

I wish I could go tell all the young women I work for,

these fabulous women,

"Believe in yourself and negotiate for yourself.

Own your own success."

I wish I could tell that to my daughter.

But it's not that simple.

Because what the data shows, above all else, is one thing,

which is that success and likeability are positively correlated for men

and negatively correlated for women.

And everyone's nodding, because we all know this to be true.

There's a really good study that shows this really well.

There's a famous Harvard Business School study

on a woman named Heidi Roizen.

And she's an operator in a company in Silicon Valley,

and she uses her contacts

to become a very successful venture capitalist.

In 2002 -- not so long ago --

a professor who was then at Columbia University

took that case and made it [Howard] Roizen.

And he gave the case out, both of them, to two groups of students.

He changed exactly one word:

"Heidi" to "Howard."

But that one word made a really big difference.

He then surveyed the students,

and the good news was the students, both men and women,

thought Heidi and Howard were equally competent,

and that's good.

The bad news was that everyone liked Howard.

He's a great guy. You want to work for him.

You want to spend the day fishing with him.

But Heidi? Not so sure.

She's a little out for herself. She's a little political.

You're not sure you'd want to work for her.

This is the complication.

We have to tell our daughters and our colleagues,

we have to tell ourselves to believe we got the A,

to reach for the promotion, to sit at the table,

and we have to do it in a world

where, for them, there are sacrifices they will make for that,

even though for their brothers, there are not.

The saddest thing about all of this is that it's really hard to remember this.

And I'm about to tell a story which is truly embarrassing for me,

but I think important.

I gave this talk at Facebook not so long ago

to about 100 employees,

and a couple hours later, there was a young woman who works there

sitting outside my little desk, and she wanted to talk to me.

I said, okay, and she sat down, and we talked.

And she said, "I learned something today.

I learned that I need to keep my hand up."

"What do you mean?"

She said, "You're giving this talk,

and you said you would take two more questions.

I had my hand up with many other people,

and you took two more questions.

I put my hand down, and I noticed all the women did the same,

and then you took more questions,

only from the men."

And I thought to myself,

"Wow, if it's me -- who cares about this, obviously --

giving this talk --

and during this talk, I can't even notice that the men's hands are still raised,

and the women's hands are still raised,

how good are we

as managers of our companies and our organizations

at seeing that the men are reaching for opportunities

more than women?"

We've got to get women to sit at the table.

(Cheers)

(Applause)

Message number two:

Make your partner a real partner.

I've become convinced that we've made more progress in the workforce

than we have in the home.

The data shows this very clearly.

If a woman and a man work full-time and have a child,

the woman does twice the amount of housework the man does,

and the woman does three times the amount of childcare the man does.

So she's got three jobs or two jobs, and he's got one.

Who do you think drops out when someone needs to be home more?