So, the United States is pulling out of the Paris Climate...

Agreement...

Treaty...

A - Accord?

Protocol?

The - I don't -

Let's be honest - There's a really good chance that you have a strong opinion on the Paris agreement,

... And an EVEN BETTER chance you don't really know what it is.

There are too many things to know, so quick timeline...

350 million years ago

Ancient plants covered the earth, converting the Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in the air into Oxygen(O2)

and carbohydrates.

These plants then die, and they create massive mats of organic materials that get buried.

Those organic materials then hang around under the earth getting heated up and smushed and form

energy-dense hydrocarbons, also called "fossil fuels".

Notice how cardohydrate and hydrocarbon sound similar.

1882

(There was a big gap there)

Thomas Edison builds the first centralized coal-fired powerplant.

We've been using coal for a long time before that, of course

but I'm starting here because we have to start somewhere.

For the next 100 years, fossil fuels brought tremendous growth and

increases in quality life, specifically in Europe and America,

where the vast majority of fossil fuels were burned.

Decades pass. The benefits of fossil fuels eventually begin to spread

and everyone is consuming more and more.

It's great, for the most part, except that all that CO2 that was locked up in fossil fuels for

billions of years is now being re-released

and CO2 is really good at letting visible light pass through it

but infrared radiation that gets bounced

back up by the earth does not pass right through it.

It gets trapped.

So the earth's atmosphere and oceans start having more energy in them

and that starts to change the climate.

And while fossil fuels give us remarkable abilities to do cool and beautiful things

and increase the quality of life

here on earth, we also

rely on a stable climate, for massive farming operations

and coastal infrastructure (by which

I mean all of the cities that people live in.)

Jumping forward again

to 2015, 270 countries get

together in Paris with a goal:

We want to keep the average warming of the earth below

2 degrees Celcius because, if we don't, it's

gonna be really bad for everyone.

But the problem is no one country can handle this because even the biggest contributors, the U.S. and China, together make up less than

half of the pie. Everyone needs to

agree to make changes or no one benefits.

Worse, the poor countries

that have admitted basically zero greenhouse gases

are going to be the ones that are most negatively affected by this CO2

that's been released by the wealthy countries

because they have more food and water insecurity,

less access to good medicine, and less infrastructure.

It's very difficult to say to them,

No! Don't grow your economy using the same dirty fuels and techniques

that we used to grow our economies.

Instead! Buy these solar panels from us! With the money you don't have!

Also, like, since any country that keeps burning its usual will have

a competitive advantage in industry. (So, facing climate change) everyone agrees that everyone needs to agree,

or this agreement is useless.

With advice from scientists, the countries altogether determined

how quickly the Earth needs to stop emitting greenhouse gases

to meet the 2 degree goal.

And then, based on how developed each country is, how many people they have,

and how much they're currently emitting, they divvied up that responsibility.

At the end, every country had a goal.

There was no enforcement for meeting that goal, but there was a goal.

And, some countries that had already benefitted a lot from the last hundred years

of releasing carbon dioxide even threw in some money:

billions of dollars to aid countries that hadn't benefitted from that,

to help them grow with less reliance on fossil fuels.

Every country agreed to their own path forward, and every country was responsible

for figuring out how to meet their goals,

whether it's through energy efficiency,

subsidizing renewables, regulating businesses,

changing people's behavior through education, or

ending fossil fuel subsidies.

And if countries don't meet their target?

Again, nothing happens.

There are no penalties.

This is an agreement between nations that there is a problem,

and we must lead together, or

face the price. And, remarkably,

A treaty that only encourages countries to reduce

emissions with unenforceable promises is

a gigantic step, and one that has

already seen significant success.

But this is an investment, and it does

have costs. Do we know

exactly what that price will be?

No. We don't know precisely

how much better off we'll be if we keep temperatures

from rising more than 2 degrees Celsius, and

we don't know precisely how much we need to reduce

greenhouse gas emissions to hit that target.

But we do know that we are better off

incentivizing these changes now, globally,

because more than 600 million people

live in areas threatened by sea level rise.

Every person on Earth has

to eat every single day,

and climate refugees' lost crops

and lost infrastructure could destabilize

the entire world economy and result in

a very bad era of human history,

a sentiment to which the U.S. Department of

Defense, by the way, agrees. Remarkably,

thanks to a combination of energy efficiency,

changing habits, and a shift from coal to

natural gas and renewables, the United States

was, until recently, on target

to meet its Paris goals for decreasing

emissions 26% from 2005

levels by 2025.

We've already decreased emissions by around 14%,

even as the economy has grown.

But if there is no political will to continue

this, if the majority party in both houses

of Congress and the president do not

agree that humans are causing climate change

and want to continue investing in the same energy

systems Thomas Edison pioneered

in the 1800s, we will stall.

Other countries, at the moment, are pledging

to move forward, leading in the absence

of the United states. And, several states

in the U.S., the ones with the largest economies,

also have plans to abide by the

agreement. But without the U.S.,

a country that emits 18% of the world's

greenhouse gases with just 4% of the

population, this pioneering agreement

is considerably weakened.

After all, why would other countries hold

up their side of the bargain if the country

that benefitted the most from the Carbon Dioxide

currently in the atmosphere shirks

their responsibility? I, for one,

am tired of politicians pretending that

we don't all share

this big, beautiful, but also quite small

planet. I was proud that

my country was a leader in establishing the Paris agreement,

and I am ashamed at the step backward

we have taken away from uniting humanity

to take on this great global challenge.

John, I'll see you on Tuesday.