So Karen Arnold did research at Boston College,

所以波士頓大學的 Karen Arnold 做了研究

looking at the success level of valedictorians.

觀察畢業生代表的成就高低

And, in general, high school valedictorians do well.

普遍來說，高中的畢業生代表表現都不錯

but they don't actually reach the highest level of success metrics.

但他們並非成功矩陣中最高階的

The don't become millionaires,

他們並不會成為百萬富翁

the people who run the world in general.

也就是那些在世界舉足輕重的人

And that's because what the research found was that

而研究發現其原因在於：

school teaches you to comply with rules.

學校教你如何守規矩

So valedictorians often go on to be the people who support the system.

所以畢業生代表往往都成為那些支撐社會系統的人

They become a part of the system.

他們會成為系統的一部份

They don't change the system or overthrow the system.

但他們不會改變系統或者顛覆系統

And so what we see is that the average GPA,

所以我們發現平均的 GPA

college GPA, of American millionaires is actually 2.9.

美國百萬富翁的平均 GPA 是 2.9

And while valedictorians generally score high in the personality trait of conscientiousness.

同時那些優秀的畢業生代表在人格特質的「負責任」得分往往很高

What you see among the millionaires with their 2.9 GPAs is they're known for grit.

而那些 GPA 2.9 的百萬富翁們則是以「毅力」脫穎而出

Maybe they don't comply with rules that well.

也許他們比較不那麼守規矩

but they stick with goals over the long term.

但以長遠來說，他們很能堅持自己的目標

And that's how they do really well.

這是他們做得最好的

And sometimes they don't play by the rules.

有時他們也不照規則來

Sometimes they do things differently.

他們用不同的方式做事情

Because in school, rules are very clear.

因為在學校，規則往往很清楚

In life rules are not so clear.

但在生活中就不盡然了

So a certain amount of not playing by the rule is advantageous

所以有點不守規矩的成分，是比較有優勢的人格特質

once you get out of a closed system like education.

一旦你離開一個封閉的系統，像是教育