They have interest sniffing each other, chasing squirrels.

狗狗有自己喜歡的東西。

And if we don't make that a reward in training, that will be a distraction.

他們喜歡嗅別的狗，也喜歡追松鼠。

It's always sort of struck me as really a scary thought

如果我們不在訓練中加入這些當成獎勵，狗狗就會分心。

that if you see a dog in a park, and the owner is calling it,

我總覺得有些飼主的行為很恐怖，

and the owner says, you know, "Puppy, come here, come here,"

就是你經常會在公園裡，看到飼主呼喚他的狗，

and the dog thinks, "Hmm, interesting.

叫著：「狗狗，過來這裡，過來！」

I'm sniffing this other dog's rear end, the owner's calling."

狗狗會想：「嗯，還滿好玩的...

It's a difficult choice, right?

我想嗅其他狗的屁股，但是主人在叫我...

Rear end, owner. Rear end wins.

好難的決定啊...」對不對？

I mean, you lose.

屁股、主人..屁股贏了。

You cannot compete with the environment,

我是說，你輸了。

if you have an adolescent dog's brain.

你不可能和環境對抗，

So, when we train, we're always trying to take into account

尤其你的狗狗正值青春壯年。

the dog's point of view.

所以，當我們進行訓練的時候，我們永遠

Now, I'm here largely because

必須以狗狗的角度看事情。

there's kind of a rift in dog training at the moment

我來這裡主要是因為

that -- on one side, we have people who think that you train a dog,

目前的狗狗訓練有問題--

number one, by making up rules, human rules.

一方面，有人認為在訓練狗狗的時候，

We don't take the dog's point of view into account.

第一件事是為狗狗設立規則，也就是人類的規則。

So the human says, "You're going to act this way, damn it.

我們完全沒有想到狗狗的看法。

We're going to force you to act against your will, to bend to our will."

人類會說：「你要這樣做，該死！

Then, number two, we keep these rules a secret from the dog.

我們會強迫你做出違反你意願的事，要照我們的想法做。」

And then number three, now we can punish the dog

然後，第二件事--我們不告訴狗狗這些規則是什麼。

for breaking rules he didn't even know existed.

第三件事--只要狗狗違反了規定，

So you get a little puppy, he comes. His only crime is he grew.

我們就可以處罰狗狗，雖然狗狗完全不知道規則是什麼。

When he was a little puppy, he puts his paws on your leg --

所以當你養了一隻小狗--他唯一的罪過就是長大。

you know, isn't that nice?

當他還是一隻小狗的時候，他會把手掌放在你的腳上--

And you go, "Oh, there's a good boy."

你覺得那很棒，不是嗎？

You bend down, you pat him -- you reward him for jumping up.

你會說：「噢，真是隻乖狗狗。」

His one mistake is he's a Tibetan mastiff, and a few months later,

你彎下身，摸摸他--你在獎勵他跳上來。

he weighs, you know, 80 pounds.

錯誤就在於他是一隻西藏獒犬，幾個月之後，

Every time he jumps up, he gets all sorts of abuse.

他變重了，重達80磅。

I mean, it is really very, very scary the abuse that dogs get.

每次只要他一跳起來，他就會受到各種處罰。

So, this whole dominance issue -- number one,

我是說，這些處罰真的都很嚇人。

what we get in dog training is this Mickey-Mouse interpretation

這是地位的問題--第一，

of a very complicated social system.

在對狗狗訓練的時候，我們常將

And they take this stuff seriously.

非常複雜的社會階級問題簡化，

Male dogs are very serious about a hierarchy,

但是狗狗卻很重視社會階級。

because it prevents physical fights.

公狗非常重視階級，

Of course, female dogs, bitches, on the other hand,

因為遵守階級制度可以避免不必要的肢體衝突。

have several bitch amendments to male hierarchical rule.

當然，母狗在另一方面

The number one is, "I have it, you don't."

也有母狗自己的階級制度。

And what you will find is a very, very low-ranking bitch

最明顯的是：「我有，你沒有。」

will quite easily keep a bone away from a high-ranking male.

你會發現，最低階層的母狗

So, we get in dog training this notion of dominances,

會帶著骨頭離最高階層的公狗遠遠的。

or of the alpha dog. I'm sure that you've heard this.

所以，我們在訓練狗狗的時候要注意到階級地位，

Dogs get so abused.

或是最強勢的狗--我相信你們都聽過這個理論。

Dogs, horses and humans --

狗狗常常受到虐待。

these are the three species which are so abused in life.

狗狗、馬和人類--

And the reason is built into their behavior --

這三種生物都常受到虐待，

is to always come back and apologize.

原因是他們的行為

Like, "Oh, I'm sorry you had to beat me. I'm really sorry, yes, it's my fault."

都已經被塑造成就算被虐待，還是會跑回來說抱歉。

They are just so beatable,

就像「噢，很抱歉你得打我，我真的很對不起，對，全是我的錯。」

and that's why they get beaten.

他們表現得很欠打，

The poor puppy jumps up, you open the dog book, what does it say?

所以才會被打。

"Hold his front paws, squeeze his front paws,

可憐的小狗跳起來了，你看看馴狗手冊，上面怎麼說？

stamp on his hind feet, squirt him in the face with lemon juice,

「握住他的前腳，捏他的前腳，

hit him on the head with a rolled-up newspaper,

踩他的後腳，將水槍注入檸檬汁射他的臉，

knee him in the chest, flip him over backwards."

把報紙捲起來打他的頭，

Because he grew?

用膝蓋頂他的胸口，把他向後丟出去。」

And because he's performing a behavior you've trained him to do?

只因為他長大了嗎？

This is insanity.

只因為他做了一個你以前訓練他做的動作嗎？

I ask owners, "Well, how would you like the dog to greet you?"

這簡直是瘋了！

And people say, "Well, I don't know, to sit, I guess."

我問主人：「嗯，你希望狗狗怎麼迎接你？」

I said, "Let's teach him to sit."

主人說：「我不知道耶...就坐下好了。」

And then we give him a reason for sitting.

我說：「我們來教他坐下。」

Because the first stage

接著我們就給狗狗坐下的理由。

is basically teaching a dog ESL.

由於第一階段

I could speak to you and say, "Laytay-chai, paisey, paisey."

是要教狗狗學會英語，

Go on, something should happen now.

我可以對你們說：「哩得菜，拍洗，拍洗。」

Why aren't you responding? Oh, you don't speak Swahili.

快點，你們要照我說的做啊...

Well, I've got news for you.

為什麼你們不照著做？噢，原來你們不會說非洲話啊...

The dog doesn't speak English, or American, or Spanish, or French.

好，那我得告訴你們，

So the first stage in training is to teach the dog ESL,

狗狗也不會說英語、美語、西班牙語或法語，

English as a second language.

所以第一個階段就是要教狗狗學會英語--

And that's how we use the food lure in the hand,

把英語當成第二種語言。

and we use food because we're dealing with owners.

我們會把食物藏在手裡引誘狗狗，

My wife doesn't need food -- she's a great trainer,

我們用食物來教狗狗是為了讓飼主學習，

much better than I am.

我太太就不需要用食物，她是很棒的馴狗師，

I don't need food, but the average owner says,

比我厲害多了。

"Puppy, sit."

我也不需要食物，但是一般的飼主會說：

Or they go, "Sit, sit, sit."

「狗狗，坐下。」

They're making a hand signal in front of the dog's rectum for some reason,

或是說：「坐下，坐下，坐下。」

like the dog has a third eye there -- it's insane.

不知道為了什麼，他們的手勢總是指在小狗的腸子前面，

You know, "Sit, sit."

好像小狗有第三隻眼睛似的--真是瘋了！

No, we go, "Puppy, sit" -- boom, it's got it in six to 10 trials.

就像：「坐下，坐下。」

Then we phase out the food as a lure,

不對，應該要這樣：「小狗，坐下。」碰！只要試六到十次小狗就學會了。

and now the dog knows that "sit" means sit,

然後我們捨棄食物做為誘餌，

and you can actually communicate to a dog

因為狗狗已經知道「坐下」代表的意義，

in a perfectly constructed English sentence.

這才是真正地以英語

"Phoenix, come here, take this, and go to Jamie, please."

和狗狗進行溝通。

And I've taught her "Phoenix," "come here," "take this," "go to"

「菲妮，過來，拿這個，去找傑米，拜託你了。」

and the name of my son, "Jamie."

因為我有教過她「菲妮」、「過來」、「拿這個」、「去找」，

And the dog can take a note,

還有我兒子的名字「傑米」，

and I've got my own little search-and-rescue dog.

所以狗狗就會拿著這張紙條，

He'll find Jamie wherever he is, you know,

就像我個人的小型搜救犬一樣，

wherever kids are, crushing rocks by a stream or something,

不論傑米在哪裡，她都會找到他，

and take him a little message that says,

不管小孩在哪裡，在院子裡搞破壞也好，

"Hey, dinner's ready. Come in for dinner."

她都會給他這張小紙條：

So, at this point, the dog knows what we want it to do.

「嘿，晚餐好了，進來吃飯。」

Will it do it?

在那個時點上，狗狗知道我們要牠做什麼，

Not necessarily, no.

牠會不會去做？

As I said, if he's in the park and there's a rear end to sniff,

不一定哦...

why come to the owner?

就像我說的，如果牠在公園裡玩，還有別的狗屁股可以嗅，

The dog lives with you, the dog can get you any time.

會什麼要回來找主人？

The dog can sniff your butt, if you like, when he wants to.

牠和你住在一起，隨時都看得到你，

At the moment, he's in the park, and you are competing

想要的話，也可以嗅你的屁股，只要你不介意；

with smells, and other dogs, and squirrels.

但是在公園裡，你要和其他的氣味競爭，

So the second stage in training is to teach the dog to want to do

還有其他的狗狗，還有松鼠。

what we want him to do, and this is very easy.

所以第二階段是要教狗狗自願地

We use the Premack principle.

做我們要他做的事，這非常簡單，

Basically, we follow a low-frequency behavior --

只要採用普立麥原則就可以做到。

one the dog doesn't want to do --

基本上，我們將出現頻率很低的行為--

by a high-frequency behavior, commonly known as a behavior problem,

就是狗狗不喜歡做的事--

or a dog hobby -- something the dog does like to do.

排在出現頻率很高的行為之前，這些行為我們有時稱為「問題行為」

That will then become a reward for the lower-frequency behavior.

或是「狗狗的嗜好」--也就是狗狗喜歡做的事。

So we go, "sit," on the couch; "sit," tummy-rub; "sit,"

這樣的安排會鼓勵狗狗去做原本不喜歡做的事。

look, I throw a tennis ball; "sit," say hello to that other dog.

我說「坐下」，讓狗躺在沙發上；「坐下」，摸摸他的肚子；「坐下」，

Yes, we put "sniff butt" on queue.

看，我把網球丟出去；「坐下」，讓狗狗和其他狗打招呼。

"Sit," sniff butt.

對，我們把「嗅屁股」放在最後，

So now all of these distractions that worked against training

「坐下」，讓狗嗅別的狗的屁股。

now become rewards that work for training.

原來在訓練過程會造成分心的動作，

And what we're doing, in essence, is we're teaching the dog, kind of like --

現在都成了幫助訓練的獎勵。

we're letting the dog think that the dog is training us.

現在我們所做的，本質上有點像在教狗狗--

And I can imagine this dog, you know,

我們讓狗狗以為是狗狗在訓練我們。

speaking through the fence to, say, an Akita,

我可以想像這隻狗

saying, "Wow, my owners, they are so incredibly easy to train.

隔著籬笆對一隻秋田犬說：

They're like Golden Retrievers.

「哇，我的主人，他們真的很容易訓練，

All I have to do is sit, and they do everything.

就像黃金獵犬一樣，

They open doors, they drive my car, they massage me,

我只要坐下，來他們就會做好所有的事。

they will throw tennis balls,

他們會幫我開門、幫我開車、幫我按摩、

they will cook for me and serve the food.

丟網球給我玩，

It's like, if I just sit, that's my command.

還會煮飯給我吃。

Then I have my own personal doorman,

就好像只要我一坐下，他們就會聽我的命令，

chauffeur, masseuse, chef and waiter."

我像有自己的門房、

And now the dog's really happy.

司機、按摩師、廚師和服務生一樣。」

And this, to me, is always what training is.

狗狗可真的得意了。

So we really motivate the dog to want to do it,

這對我來說，就是訓練，

such that the need for punishment seldom comes up.

我們讓狗狗自願做我們要他做的事，

Now we move to phase three, when now --

這樣就不會需要處罰狗狗了。

there's times, you know, when daddy knows best.

接下來是第三階段，

And I have a little sign on my fridge, and it says,

你知道，有時候就是得用「老爸懂得比你多」這一招。

"Because I'm the daddy, that's why."

我在冰箱上貼了一張小紙條，上面寫：

Sorry, no more explanation. "I'm the daddy, you're not. Sit."

「因為我是你老爸，就是這樣！」

And there's times, for example,

對不起，我不想解釋那麼多--「我是老爸，你不是，坐下！」

if my son's friends leave the door open,

舉例來說，有時候

the dogs have to know you don't step across this line.

我兒子的朋友忘了把門關上，

This is a life-or-death thing.

狗狗就必須知道不能跨越那條線，

You leave this, the sanctity of your house,

那是攸關生死的事情。

and you could be hit on the street.

你只要離開這棟神聖的房子，

So some things we have to let the dog know,

就可能在街上被車子撞倒。

"You mustn't do this."

所以有些事情我們必須清楚地讓狗狗知道，

And so we have to enforce, but without force.

「你不可以這樣做。」

People here get very confused about what a punishment is.

我們必須加強狗狗的觀念，但不要使用暴力。

They think a punishment is something nasty.

人們常常搞不清楚處罰的定義是什麼，

I bet a lot of you do, right?

他們以為處罰都是很暴力的，

You think it's something painful, or scary, or nasty.

我猜你們都這樣想，對不對？

It doesn't have to be.

你們以為處罰會很痛、很恐怖，還很暴力。

There's several definitions of what a punishment is,

其實不必如此。

but one definition, the most popular, is:

處罰的定義有很多種，

a punishment is a stimulus that reduces the immediately preceding behavior,

最普遍的定義是--

such that it's less likely to occur in the future.

處罰是一種手段，可以減少先前不正確的行為

It does not have to be nasty, scary or painful.

在未來發生的機率。

And I would say, if it doesn't have to be, then maybe it shouldn't be.

處罰不一定要很暴力、很恐怖，或是很痛苦。

I was working with a very dangerous dog about a year ago.

我認為，如果不一定要這樣，那就根本不需要這樣。

And this was a dog that put both his owners in hospital,

一年前我曾訓練過一隻非常危險的狗狗--

plus the brother-in-law, plus the child.

他把他的二個主人都送到醫院去了，

And I only agreed to work with it if they promised it would stay in their house,

外加主人的姐夫，還有小孩。

and they never took it outside.

我同意訓練那隻狗，但我要求他們得讓狗狗待在屋子裡，

The dog is actually euthanized now,

他們照辦了，沒有帶他出門。

but this was a dog I worked with for a while.

那隻狗現在已經被安樂死了，

A lot of the aggression happened around the kitchen,

但我曾經訓練過他一陣子。

so while I was there -- this was on the fourth visit --

很多狗狗的攻擊事件發生在廚房裡，

we did a four and a half hour down-stay, with the dog on his mat.

所以當我第四次拜訪這戶人家時，

And he was kept there by the owner's calm insistence.

我們做了一次長達四個半鐘頭的訓練，讓狗狗待在自己的墊子上。

When the dog would try to leave the mat,

主人以平和的毅力，讓狗狗待在墊子上。

she would say, "Rover, on the mat, on the mat, on the mat."

當狗狗想要離開墊子時，

The dog broke his down-stay 22 times in four and a half hours, while she cooked dinner,

她會說：「羅夫，待在墊子上，待在墊子上，待在墊子上。」

because we had a lot of aggression related towards food.

狗狗在那四個半小時裡，曾經有22次嚐試要站起來，因為主人在煮晚餐，

The breaks got fewer and fewer.

所以狗狗常會衝向食物，

You see, the punishment was working.

但是衝動愈來愈少，

The behavior problem was going away.

這就是處罰發揮了效果。

She never raised her voice.

問題行為不見了，

If she did, she would have got bitten.

主人也不必再提高音量；

It's not a good dog you shout at.

如果主人大聲吼叫，她可能又會被咬，

And a lot of my friends train really neat animals,

你不能對這種狗狗吼叫。

grizzly bears -- if you've ever seen a grizzly bear

我有許多朋友訓練的是很棒的動物--

on the telly or in film, then it's a friend of mine who's trained it --

灰棕熊，如果你曾在電視上

killer whales. I love it because it wires you up.

或是電影裡看過灰棕熊，那就是我的朋友訓練的。

How are you going to reprimand a grizzly bear?

還有殺人鯨--我很喜歡這種動物，它會繞著你游泳。

"Bad bear, bad bear!" Voom!

你會怎麼訓斥一頭灰棕熊？

Your head now is 100 yards away, sailing through the air, OK?

「壞熊熊，壞熊熊！」砰！

This is crazy.

你的頭會飛到天上，飛到100碼以外去，知道嗎？

So, where do we go from here?

這很恐怖。

We want a better way.

那我們該怎麼做？

Dogs deserve better.

我們要用一種更好的方式

But for me, the reason for this actually has to do with dogs.

去對待狗狗。

It has to do with watching people train puppies,

但對我來說，這樣做的原因和狗狗有關，

and realizing they have horrendous interaction skills,

和我觀察人們訓練狗狗有關，

horrendous relationship skills.

我發覺人類的互動技巧很差，

Not just with their puppy, but with the rest of the family at class.

建立關係的技巧也很差。

I mean, my all-time classic is another "come here" one.

不只是和狗狗相處有問題，和其他家庭成員相處也有問題。

You see someone in the park -- and I'll cover my mic when I say this,

我舉另一個經典的「過來」案例來說明，

because I don't want to wake you up -- and there's the owner in the park,

你在公園會看到某人--我把麥克風遮起來，

and their dog's over here, and they say, "Rover, come here.

因為我不想把你們吵醒--主人在公園裡，

Rover, come here. Rover, come here, you son of a bitch."

而狗狗在這裡，然後主人說：「羅夫，過來。

The dog says, "I don't think so."

羅夫，過來。羅夫，過來，你這婊子養的。」

(Laughter)

狗狗會說：「我可不這麼想。」

I mean, who in their right mind

(笑聲)

would think that a dog would want to approach them

我是說，有哪一個正常人

when they're screaming like that?

會認為在他們那樣叫喊之後，

Instead, the dog says, "I know that tone. I know that tone.

狗狗還會願意跑回來的？

Previously, when I've approached, I've gotten punished there."

狗狗反而會想：「哦，我記得那個聲音，我記得，

I was walking onto a plane --

上次我回到主人身邊，就被教訓了一頓。」

this, for me, was a pivotal moment in my career,

有一次我搭飛機--

and it really cemented what I wanted to do

那是我職業生涯裡的一個關鍵時刻，

with this whole puppy-training thing,

那次的經驗讓我把我想做的事

the notion of how to teach puppies in a dog-friendly way

與訓練狗狗結合在一起了--

to want to do what we want to do, so we don't have to force them.

我主張以對狗狗較友善的方式來訓練狗狗，

You know, I puppy-train my child.