The Pursuit of Happiness and Human Design.

這就是所謂的沉溺於一種感覺：

I put up a somewhat dour Darwin,

追求幸福和人性的設計。

but a very happy chimp up there.

我顯示了一個有點倔強的達爾文，

My first point is that the pursuit of happiness is obligatory.

但卻顯示一隻非常快樂的黑猩猩。

Man wishes to be happy, only wishes to be happy,

我第一點是，對幸福的追求是必然的。

and cannot wish not to be so.

人類望得到快樂，只希望得到快樂，

We are wired to pursue happiness,

並非此不能想像。

not only to enjoy it, but to want more and more of it.

我們的天生構造是追求快樂，

So given that that's true,

不僅享受快樂，而且希望有更多快樂。

how good are we at increasing our happiness?

所以假如這是真的，

Well, we certainly try.

我們在增加快樂上有多能幹？

If you look on the Amazon site, there are over 2,000 titles

這個我們當然很努力在嘗試。

with advice on the seven habits, the nine choices,

如果你看一下亞馬遜網站上，有超過 2000本書名

the 10 secrets,

有七個習慣，有九個選擇，

the 14,000 thoughts that are supposed to bring happiness.

有十個秘密，

Now another way we try to increase our happiness

一萬四千種想法應該帶來快樂的的提意。

is we medicate ourselves.

現在我們還有另一種方式嘗試增加快樂,

And so there's over 120 million prescriptions out there for antidepressants.

就是使用藥物。

Prozac was really the first absolute blockbuster drug.

所以，外面有超過 120萬張處方為抗抑鬱藥。

It was clean, efficient, there was no high,

「百憂解」是真正的第一號絕對一鳴驚人的藥物。

there was really no danger, it had no street value.

它乾淨俐落，高效，沒有(物質中毒)興奮的效果，

In 1995,

是真的有沒有危險，它沒有黑市價值。

illegal drugs were a $400 billion business,

在1995年，

representing eight percent of world trade,

非法毒品是一個400億美元的企業，

roughly the same as gas and oil.

佔世界貿易的百分之八，

These routes to happiness haven't really increased happiness very much.

和石油和天然氣大致相同。

One problem that's happening now is,

這些快樂的路徑卻沒有非常真正增加快樂。

although the rates of happiness

現在發生的一個問題是，

are about as flat as the surface of the moon,

雖然快樂增加的比率

depression and anxiety are rising.

如月球表般平坦，

Some people say this is because we have better diagnosis,

抑鬱和焦慮情緒比率正在上升。

and more people are being found out.

有些人說這是因為我們有更好的診斷，

It isn't just that. We're seeing it all over the world.

所以診斷出越來越多的病例。

In the United States right now

但不只是這樣。我們看到世界各地也是如此。

there are more suicides than homicides.

現在在美國

There is a rash of suicide in China.

自殺比謀殺更多。

And the World Health Organization predicts

在中國有一連串的自殺個案。

by the year 2020

世界衛生組織預測，

that depression will be

到2020年，

the second largest cause of disability.

抑鬱症將成為

Now the good news here

第二大導致殘疾的原因。

is that if you take surveys from around the world,

現在這裡的好消息是，

we see that about three quarters of people

在自世界各地的調查中，

will say they are at least pretty happy.

我們看到約四分之三的人，

But this does not follow any of the usual trends.

他們會說他們都至少相當高興。

For example, these two show great growth in income,

但這跟通常的趨勢並不一樣。

absolutely flat happiness curves.

例如，這兩個顯示出豐富的收入增長，

My field, the field of psychology,

但絕對平直的快樂曲線。

hasn't done a whole lot

我職業的領域，心理學的領域，

to help us move forward in understanding human happiness.

沒有在幫助我們

In part, we have the legacy of Freud, who was a pessimist,

了解人類的快樂上做到很多。

who said that pursuit of happiness is a doomed quest,

一部分因爲，我們有傳統的弗洛伊德，他是一個悲觀主義者，

is propelled by infantile aspects of the individual

他說追求快樂終將帶來失敗，

that can never be met in reality.

是由在現實中永遠不能滿足的

He said, "One feels inclined to say

個人幼稚的性格推動的。

that the intention that man should be happy

他說，「人會傾向於說

is not included in the plan of creation."

人類應該是快樂的用意

So the ultimate goal of psychoanalytic psychotherapy

並沒有列入創作物的計劃內。」

was really what Freud called ordinary misery.

因此，精神分析的心理治療最終目標

(Laughter)

其實只是弗洛伊德所謂尋常的痛苦。

And Freud in part reflects

(笑聲)

the anatomy of the human emotion system --

在一方面弗洛伊德是反映

which is that we have both a positive and a negative system,

人類情感系統的解剖結構 --

and our negative system

我們有積極和消極的系統，

is extremely sensitive.

而我們消極的系統

So for example, we're born loving the taste of something sweet

是極為敏感。

and reacting aversively to the taste of something bitter.

舉例來說，我們天生愛甜食的味道

We also find that people are more averse to losing

但對苦澀的味道有十分厭惡的反應。

than they are happy to gain.

我們還發現人們對損失的失落覺

The formula for a happy marriage

比他們獲得時的高興更強烈。

is five positive remarks, or interactions,

一個幸福美滿的婚姻的

for every one negative.

計算公式是五個正面的評語或行動，

And that's how powerful the one negative is.

才能抵消掉一個負面的。

Especially expressions of contempt or disgust,

可想而知這一負是多麼強勁。

well you really need a lot of positives to upset that.

特別是輕視或厭惡的表達式，

I also put in here the stress response.

你真的需要大量的正面來補救。

We're wired for dangers that are immediate,

我在這裡也顯示到壓力的反應。

that are physical, that are imminent,

我們天生對即時的危險，物理的危險，

and so our body goes into an incredible reaction

迫在眉睫的危險的有本能反應，

where endogenous opioids come in.

所以當內源性類麻醉劑進來時

We have a system that is really ancient,

我們的身體便會有到難以置信的反應。

and really there for physical danger.

我們有一個很古老的系統，

And so over time, this becomes a stress response,

一個要應對人身危險的系統。

which has enormous effects on the body.

因此，演變到現在，這成為一個對壓力的反應，

Cortisol floods the brain;

對身體有巨大的影響。

it destroys hippocampal cells and memory,

皮質醇注滿大腦，

and can lead to all kinds of health problems.

破壞海馬體細胞和記憶，

But unfortunately, we need this system in part.

並能導致各種健康問題。

If we were only governed by pleasure

但不幸的是，我們一方面需要這個系統。

we would not survive.

如果我們只受歡樂事物的管轄，

We really have two command posts.

我們將無法生存。

Emotions are short-lived intense responses

我們真的有兩個指揮所。

to challenge and to opportunity.

情緒是對應于挑戰和機遇，

And each one of them allows us to click into alternate selves

短暫的激烈反應。

that tune in, turn on, drop out

而它們每個允許我們點擊代入另外的自我，

thoughts, perceptions, feelings and memories.

來調整，打開，放下

We tend to think of emotions as just feelings.

我們的思想，觀念，感情和記憶。

But in fact, emotions are an all-systems alert

我們傾向於認為情緒只是感情。

that change what we remember,

但事實上，情緒是全系統的警報，

what kind of decisions we make,

它改變我們的記憶，

and how we perceive things.

我們作出的決定，

So let me go forward to the new science of happiness.

以及我們如何意會事物。

We've come away from the Freudian gloom,

那麽接下來讓我介紹新的有關快樂的科學。

and people are now actively studying this.

我們遠離了弗洛伊德的悲觀，

And one of the key points in the science of happiness

現在人們正在積極地研究快樂的科學。

is that happiness and unhappiness

而快樂的科學的關鍵點之一是，

are not endpoints of a single continuum.

快樂和不快樂

The Freudian model is really one continuum

並不是一個單個連續統一體的端點。

that, as you get less miserable,

弗洛伊德的模式實在是一個統一體，

you get happier.

就是說, 當你悲傷越少,

And that isn't true -- when you get less miserable,

那麼你便越快樂。

you get less miserable.

而事實並非如此 -- 當你的悲傷越少，

And that happiness is a whole other end of the equation.

你只是少悲傷。

And it's been missing. It's been missing from psychotherapy.

快樂是整個公式的另一端。

So when people's symptoms go away, they tend to recur,

然而在心理治療它卻無處可尋。

because there isn't a sense of the other half --

因此，當人們的症狀消失後，往往會再復發，

of what pleasure, happiness, compassion, gratitude,

因為沒有觸及另一半的感覺 --

what are the positive emotions.

愉悅，快樂，同情，感激等等

And of course we know this intuitively,

那些積極正面的情緒。

that happiness is not just the absence of misery.

當然我們直覺是知道這個的，

But somehow it was not put forward until very recently,

快樂不只是沒有悲傷。

seeing these as two parallel systems.

但不知何故直到最近才被提到，

So that the body can both look for opportunity

指出這兩個為並行的系統。

and also protect itself from danger, at the same time.

使人可以在尋找機會的情況下，

And they're sort of two reciprocal

亦在同時從危險中保護本身。

and dynamically interacting systems.

它們是兩個對等

People have also wanted to deconstruct.

動態交互的系統。

We use this word "happy,"

人們也希望將快樂解構。

and it's this very large umbrella of a term.

雖然我們使用「快樂」這個詞，

And then three emotions for which there are no English words:

然而這是一個非常大的總稱名詞。

fiero, which is the pride in accomplishment of a challenge;

有三個情緒在英語裡是沒有對應的字的：

schadenfreude, which is happiness in another's misfortune,

fiero，代表達成挑戰的驕傲感;

a malicious pleasure;

schadenfreude(幸災樂禍)，對別人的不幸感到喜悅，

and naches, which is a pride and joy in one's children.

一种惡意的喜悅，

Absent from this list, and absent from any discussions of happiness,

和 naches, 為自己孩子感到的驕傲和喜悅。

are happiness in another's happiness.

此外，從任何討論快樂中缺席的字彙，

We don't seem to have a word for that.

還有：為別人的幸福快樂感到喜悅。

We are very sensitive to the negative,

我們似乎沒有這個詞。

but it is in part offset by the fact

我們對負面是非常敏感，

that we have a positivity.

但部分因為我們有一個正面

We're also born pleasure-seekers.

因此它被抵銷。

Babies love the taste of sweet

我們也是天生的享樂者。

and hate the taste of bitter.

嬰兒喜歡甜味

They love to touch smooth surfaces rather than rough ones.

和討厭苦味。

They like to look at beautiful faces

相較於粗糙的表面，他們喜歡觸摸光滑的表面。

rather than plain faces.

他們喜歡看美麗的面孔，

They like to listen to consonant melodies

相比於普通的面孔。

instead of dissonant melodies.

他們喜歡聽協和的旋律，

Babies really are born

而不是刺耳的旋律。

with a lot of innate pleasures.

嬰兒天生就有

There was once a statement made by a psychologist

很多先天的樂趣。

that said that 80 percent of the pursuit of happiness

曾經有一位心理學家說，

is really just about the genes,

對快樂的追求，有80％

and it's as difficult to become happier as it is to become taller.

真的只是基因的緣故，

That's nonsense.

如同希望增高一樣, 要更快樂是很困難的。

There is a decent contribution to happiness from the genes --

這是無稽之談。

about 50 percent --

基因對快樂的貢獻--

but there is still that 50 percent that is unaccounted for.

大約50％左右 --

Let's just go into the brain for a moment,

但仍然有50％是不清楚的。

and see where does happiness

讓我們進入大腦一會兒，

arise from in evolution.

看看快樂在進化過程中

We have basically at least two systems here,

從哪裡出現。

and they both are very ancient.

我們基本上已經至少有兩個系統，

One is the reward system,

它們都是非常古老的系統。

and that's fed by the chemical dopamine.

一個是獎勵的系統，

And it starts in the ventral tegmental area.

它是由化學物質多巴胺饋送。

It goes to the nucleus accumbens,

開始在腹側被蓋區。

all the way up to the prefrontal cortex, orbital frontal cortex,

到伏隔核，

where decisions are made, high level.

一路去到前額葉皮層，眶額葉皮質，

This was originally seen as a system

在那裡決定被作出，高層次的決定。

that was the pleasure system of the brain.

這本來是被視為一個

In the 1950s,

大腦的快感系統。

Olds and Milner put electrodes into the brain of a rat.

在50年代，

And the rat would just keep pressing that bar

奧士和米爾納把電極注入老鼠的大腦中。

thousands and thousands and thousands of times.

而之後老鼠會不懈地按那個鍵，

It wouldn't eat. It wouldn't sleep. It wouldn't have sex.

一千次又一千次。

It wouldn't do anything but press this bar.

牠不吃飯。也不睡覺。牠甚至不會有性行為。

So they assumed

除了按這個鍵之外牠不會做任何事情。

this must be, you know, the brain's orgasmatron.

所以他們認為，

It turned out that it wasn't,

這一定是大腦的性高潮的誘導器。

that it really is a system of motivation,

但後來發現並不是，

a system of wanting.

這其實是一個激勵機制，

It gives objects what's called incentive salience.

一個欲望的系統。

It makes something look so attractive

它提供的是稱為顯著的激勵。

that you just have to go after it.

它使東西看起來如此吸引，

That's something different

令你必須去使勁追求。

from the system that is the pleasure system,

這個系統是

which simply says, "I like this."

不同於快樂的系統，

The pleasure system, as you see,

快樂系統只是說，「我喜歡這個。」

which is the internal opiates, there is a hormone oxytocin,

你可以看到, 快樂系統

is widely spread throughout the brain.

是體內的麻醉劑，是一種催產素荷爾蒙，

Dopamine system, the wanting system,

廣泛地擴散整個大腦。

is much more centralized.

多巴胺系統，是一個希望系統，

The other thing about positive emotions is that they have a universal signal.

它是更集中。

And we see here the smile.

另一件關於正面情緒的事情是，它們有一個普遍的訊號。

And the universal signal is not just raising the corner of the lips

我們在這裡看到的是微笑。

to the zygomatic major.

而普遍的訊號不僅僅是大顴肌

It's also crinkling the outer corner of the eye,

提高嘴唇角落。

the orbicularis oculi.

它也是使得外眼角起皺，

So you see, even 10-month-old babies, when they see their mother,

眼輪匝肌。

will show this particular kind of smile.

所以你可以看到，甚至10個月大的的嬰兒，當他們看到自己的母親時，

Extroverts use it more than introverts.

將會顯示一類特定的笑容。

People who are relieved of depression

外向的人會比內向的人更多的使用它。

show it more after than before.

解除抑鬱症的人

So if you want to unmask a true look of happiness,

會比以前更多的使用它。

you will look for this expression.

因此，如果你想揭露快樂真正的樣子，

Our pleasures are really ancient.

你便要搜索這個表達式的樣子。

And we learn, of course, many, many pleasures,

我們的歡樂是非常古老。

but many of them are base. And one of them, of course, is biophilia --

當然我們有學習到, 很多很多的樂趣，

that we have a response to the natural world

但其中不少仍是基本的。當然, 其中一種是熱愛生命的天性--

that's very profound.

我們有一個對自然世界

Very interesting studies

非常深刻的的反應。

done on people recovering from surgery,

有一些非常有趣的研究

who found that people who faced a brick wall

進行在從恢復手術的人上，

versus people who looked out on trees and nature,

發現面對著磚牆的人

the people who looked out on the brick wall

與面對著樹木和自然的人，

were in the hospital longer, needed more medication,

看著磚牆的人

and had more medical complications.

待在醫院更久長時間，需要更多藥物，

There is something very restorative about nature,

並且有更多的醫療併發症。

and it's part of how we are tuned.

大自然是有一些非常恢復性的效果，

Humans, particularly so, we're very imitative creatures.

是我們內在調和的一部分。

And we imitate from almost the second we are born.

人類，特別是這樣，我們是非常有模仿性的動物。

Here is a three-week-old baby.

我們幾乎從出生的那秒鐘便開始模仿。

And if you stick your tongue out at this baby,

這是一個三個星期大的嬰兒。

the baby will do the same.

如果你對著這個寶寶伸出你的舌頭，

We are social beings from the beginning.

寶寶會照樣做。

And even studies of cooperation

我們從一開始便是社交的人。

show that cooperation between individuals

甚至有有關合作的研究表明，

lights up reward centers of the brain.

顯示人與人之間的合作

One problem that psychology has had

會令大腦的獎勵中心亮起來。

is instead of looking at this intersubjectivity --

心理學有一個問題是，

or the importance of the social brain

不着重注意這個主體間性 --

to humans who come into the world helpless

或對人類來到世界的無助

and need each other tremendously --

和極其需要其人的

is that they focus instead on the self

社會頭腦的重要性--

and self-esteem, and not self-other.

心理學注重的是自我

It's sort of "me," not "we."

和自尊，而不是自我與他人。

And I think this has been a really tremendous problem

近似「我」，而不是「我們」。

that goes against our biology and nature,

我覺得這是一個非常巨大的的問題，

and hasn't made us any happier at all.

違背我們的生物性和本質，

Because when you think about it, people are happiest when in flow,

並且沒有令我們更加快樂。