from a secular perspective and even from a kind of scientific perspective.

我來談論關於同情心與黃金法則

I'm going to try to give you a little bit of a natural history

不僅從世俗的觀點,某一程度也會從科學的觀點來看

of compassion and the golden rule.

我會試著帶領你從自然的歷史來看

So, I'm going to be sometimes using kind of clinical language,

同情心與黃金法則

and so it's not going to sound as warm and fuzzy

所以，有時候我會用到臨床診斷上所使用的語言

as your average compassion talk.

而且聽起來也許不會溫馨及暖昧

I want to warn you about that.

較不同於一般關於同情心的言論

So, I do want to say, at the outset, that I think compassion's great.

我想先提醒你這點

The golden rule is great. I'm a big supporter of both.

因此，我想說的是， 一開始我覺得同情心很棒

And I think it's great that

黃金法則也是。我是這倆者很大的支持者

the leaders of the religions of the world

另外，我覺得很棒的是這世上的宗教

are affirming compassion and the golden rule as fundamental principles

以及世上的宗教領袖們

that are integral to their faiths.

都肯定同心情和黃金法則是信仰的基礎

At the same time, I think religions don't deserve all the credit.

是不可或缺的一部分

I think nature gave them a helping hand here.

但同時，我覺得宗教不是唯一的功臣

I'm going to argue tonight that compassion and the golden rule

自然某一程度也幫了我們一把

are, in a certain sense, built into human nature.

今晚我要強調的是，同情心及黃金法則

But I'm also going to argue

在一定程度上，存在於人性中

that once you understand the sense in which they are built into human nature,

好！我即將要討論的是

you realize that just affirming compassion,

一旦你理解了兩者是建立在人性自然的感官中，

and affirming the golden rule, is really not enough.

當你認同時，那確認同情心存在，

There's a lot of work to be done after that.

確認黃金法則的存在，是遠遠不夠的。

OK so, a quick natural history, first of compassion.

之後還有很多工作要做。好。

In the beginning, there was compassion,

好。所以，很快的看一下自然歷史，首先，同情心。

and I mean not just when human beings first showed up,

在最初，出現了同情心，

but actually even before that.

但我指的不是人類第一次出現在世上的時候，

I think it's probably the case that, in the human evolutionary lineage,

而是更早。

even before there were homo sapiens,

我想可能是這樣，在人類的演化譜系中，

feelings like compassion and love and sympathy

甚至比智人出現更早的時候，

had earned their way into the gene pool,

同情心、愛和憐憫

and biologists have a pretty clear idea of how this first happened.

已經進入了基因庫

It happened through a principle known as kin selection.

而生物學家對於這個現象是如何發生有清楚的想法

And the basic idea of kin selection is that,

它是通過親屬選擇而發生的

if an animal feels compassion for a close relative,

親屬選擇的基本想法是，

and this compassion leads the animal to help the relative,

如果一個動物對近親有同情的感覺，

then, in the end, the compassion actually winds up helping the genes

而且這種同情的感覺使這個動物去幫助牠的親戚，

underlying the compassion itself.

最终，這種同情心最終幫助了

So, from a biologist's point of view, compassion is actually

隱含在這同情心裡的基因。

a gene's way of helping itself. OK.

所以，從一個生物學家的角度，同情心是事實上

I warned you this was not going to be very warm and fuzzy.

一個基因幫助自己的方式。好。

I'll get there -- I hope to get a little fuzzier.

我提醒過你演講內容不會溫馨及暖昧。好吧。

This doesn't bother me so much,

我繼續。我希望說得更模糊點。

that the underlying Darwinian rationale of compassion

對我而言，我不會覺得困擾

is kind of self-serving at the genetic level.

隱含著達爾文原理的同情心

Actually, I think the bad news about kin selection

從基因的角度來看有點利己

is just that it means that this kind of compassion

事實上，我覺得壞消息是關於親屬選擇

is naturally deployed only within the family.

只是說明這種同情心

That's the bad news. The good news is compassion is natural.

只在家庭裡自然地被運用。

The bad news is that this kin selected compassion

這是壞消息。好消息是同情心是自然的。

is naturally confined to the family.

壞消息是這種親屬選擇的同情心

Now, there's more good news that came along later in evolution,

自然地被局限在家庭中。

a second kind of evolutionary logic.

現在，在之後的進化過程中有了更多的好消息，

Biologists call that "reciprocal altruism." OK.

第二種進化的邏輯。

And there, the basic idea is that

生物學家稱它是互利主義。好的。

compassion leads you to do good things for people who then will return the favor.

互利主義的基本觀點是

Again, I know this is not as inspiring a notion of compassion

同情心帶領你去为那些能回報你的人做好事。

as you may have heard in the past,

再一次，你知道，這不是像

but from a biologist's point of view, this reciprocal altruism kind of compassion

你過去聽到過的同情心概念那樣鼓舞人心，

is ultimately self-serving too.

但是從一個生物學家的角度來看，這種互利主義的同情心，

It's not that people think that, when they feel the compassion.

最終還是為自我服務的。

It's not consciously self-serving, but to a biologist, that's the logic.

這不是說當人們給予同情心時會這樣子想。

And so, you wind up most easily extending compassion to friends and allies.

那不是有意識的自我服務，但是，對於一個生物學家來說，那就是他的邏輯。

I'm sure a lot of you, if a close friend has something really terrible happen to them,

所以，你最終會容易對你的朋友和同盟者產生同情心。

you feel really bad.

我確信你們大多數人，當一個親近的朋友發生了嚴重的事情，

But if you read in the newspaper

你會感覺很糟。

that something really horrible happened to somebody you've never heard of,

但是如果你是在看電視

you can probably live with that.

上寫有一些很可怕的事情發生在一些你從來不認識的人身上的時候

That's just human nature.

你知道，你不會有事。好的。

So, it's another good news/bad news story.

那只是人類的本性。

It's good that compassion was extended beyond the family

所以，這是另一個好消息壞消息的故事。

by this kind of evolutionary logic.

好消息是因為同情心超越了家庭的範籌

The bad news is this doesn't bring us universal compassion by itself.

依照這種進化的邏輯來說的話

So, there's still work to be done.

壞消息這沒有給我們帶來普遍存在的同情心。好的。

Now, there's one other result of this dynamic called reciprocal altruism,

所以，還有工作要做。

which I think is kind of good news,

現在，這種互利主義帶來了另一種結果

which is that the way that this is played out in the human species,

我覺得是個很好的消息，

it has given people an intuitive appreciation of the golden rule.

那是以人類物種作爲完結，好的，

I don't quite mean that the golden rule itself is written in our genes,

那使人們對黃金法則有一種直覺的鑒賞。好的。

but you can go to a hunter gatherer society

我不是指黃金法則存在於我們的基因之中

that has had no exposure to any of the great religious traditions,

但是你可以追溯到遠古獵物採集的社會，

no exposure to ethical philosophy,

没有任何宗教傳統的社會，

and you'll find, if you spend time with these people,

没有倫理道德哲學的顯現，

that, basically, they believe that one good turn deserves another,

然後你會發現，如果你花時間和這些人在一起，

and that bad deeds should be punished.

那麽，基本上，他們做好事應該得到回報，

And evolutionary psychologists think that these intuitions have a basis in the genes.

而做壞事應該得到懲罰

So, they do understand that if you want to be treated well,

而且進化論的心理學家認爲這些直覺在基因中是有基礎的

you treat other people well.

所以, 他們了解如果你想要別人對你好

And it's good to treat other people well.

你就會對別人好

That's close to being a kind of built-in intuition.

而且對別人好也是一件好事

So, that's good news. Now, if you've been paying attention,

那差不多是在直覺中被建立的。

you're probably anticipating that there's bad news here;

所以，那是好消息。現在，如果你注意聽了，

we still aren't to universal love,

你可能正在想壞消息是什麽，好的，

and it's true because, although an appreciation of the golden rule is natural,

那就是我們還沒達到普遍存在的愛，

it's also natural to carve out exceptions to the golden rule.

而且那是真的，因爲，雖然對黃金法則的理解是自然的，

I mean, for example, none of us, probably, want to go to prison,

但是這也很自然地雕刻出黃金法則的例外情況。

but we all think that there are some people who should go to prison. Right?

我的意思是，例如，我們中間沒有人，或許，想進監獄，

So, we think we should treat them differently than we would want to be treated.

但是我們老是覺得有一些人應該被關在監獄裏。對吧？

Now, we have a rationale for that.

所以，我們覺得我們應該對他們和他們對我們不一樣

We say they did these bad things that make it just that they should go to prison.

現在，我們對于這個有一個基本原理。

None of us really extends the golden rule in truly diffuse and universal fashion.

我們說他們做了壞事所以他們就應該進監獄。

We have the capacity to carve out exceptions,

我們中間沒有人真的將用真實的擴散的並且全面的方式將黃金法則擴大。

put people in a special category.

我們有這個能力去雕刻出例外情況，

And the problem is that -- although in the case of sending people to prison,

將人放在一個特殊的類別裏。

you have this impartial judiciary

問題是，雖然是這種把人送進監獄的情況，

determining who gets excluded from the golden rule --

你有中立的法官

that in everyday life, the way we all make these decisions

來決定，你知道，那是黃金法則之外的人，

about who we're not going to extend the golden rule to,

在每一天生活中，我們作出對于]於

is we use a much rougher and readier formula.

誰將被排除在黃金法則之外的決定，

Basically it's just like, if you're my enemy, if you're my rival --

我們用一個更加粗糙和準備好的公式，

if you're not my friend, if you're not in my family --

並且基本上是，如果你是我的敵人，如果你是我的競爭對手，好的，

I'm much less inclined to apply the golden rule to you.

如果你不是我的朋友，如果你不是我的家庭成員，

We all do that,

我將更少的傾向於將你納入黃金法則。好的。

and you see it all over the world.

我們都差不多這樣做，

You see it in the Middle East:

而且你可以看到整個世界都是這樣。

people who, from Gaza, are firing missiles at Israel.

你知道，你看中東

They wouldn't want to have missiles fired at them, but they say,

從加沙來的人正在向以色列發射導彈。

"Well, but the Israelis, or some of them have done things

他們不想向他們發射導彈，但是他們說，

that put them in a special category."

“那，但是以色列人，或者一些以色列人以前做過一些事情

The Israelis would not want to have an economic blockade imposed on them,

可以使被放在一個特殊的類別裏。”

but they impose one on Gaza, and they say,

以色列人不希望經濟封鎖強加在他們身上，

"Well, the Palestinians, or some of them, have brought this on themselves."

但是他們希望強加在加沙，而且他們說，

So, it's these exclusions to the golden rule that amount to a lot of the world's trouble.

“那，巴勒斯坦人，或者是一些巴勒斯坦人，他們自找的。“

And it's natural to do that.

所以，正是這些黃金法則的例外情況給世界造成了很多麻煩。

So, the fact that the golden rule is in some sense built in to us

而且他們是很自然的這樣做的。

is not, by itself, going to bring us universal love.

所以，在某種程度上黃金發則是我們一部分的這個事實，

It's not going to save the world.

靠它自己不能給我們帶來普遍性的愛。

Now, there's one piece of good news I have that may save the world. Okay.

它拯救不了世界。

Are you on the edges of your seats here?

現在，我有一個能拯救世界的好消息。好。

Good, because before I tell you about that good news,

你現在夠專心嗎？

I'm going to have to take a little excursion through some academic terrain.

好，因為在我告訴你這個好消息之前，

So, I hope I've got your attention with this promise of good news

我將不得不涉獵一下學術的領域。

that may save the world.

所以，我希望我已經得到了你對於

It's this non-zero-sumness stuff you just heard a little bit about.

這個能拯救世界的好消息的關注。

It's just a quick introduction to game theory.

它是們們剛聽到一點的總和非零。

This won't hurt. Okay.

這只是對遊戲理論的一個很快介紹。

It's about zero-sum and non-zero-sum games.

不會讓人很難受。好。

If you ask what kind of a situation

這是有關零和與非零和的遊戲。

is conducive to people becoming friends and allies,

如果你問什麼樣的情況

the technical answer is a non-zero-sum situation.

有利於人們成爲朋友和盟友， 有利於人們成爲朋友和盟友，

And if you ask what kind of situation

技術的回答是非零總和的情況。

is conducive to people defining people as enemies,

如果你問什麽樣的情況

it's a zero-sum situation.

有利於人們定義敵人的概念

So, what do those terms mean?

那是零和的情況。好。

Basically, a zero-sum game is the kind you're used to in sports,

那麽，這些詞彙的意思是什麽？

where there's a winner and a loser.

基本上，一個零和的遊戲，是你習慣在運動會中遇到的，

So, their fortunes add up to zero.

其中有優勝者和失敗者

So, in tennis, every point is either good for you and bad for the other person,

所以，他們的情況加起來是零。

or good for them, bad for you.

那麽，在網球比賽中，每一分都是對于你是好的，對于另外那個人是壞的，

Either way, your fortunes add up to zero. That's a zero-sum game.

或者是對於另外那些人是好的，對于你是壞的。

Now, if you're playing doubles,

不管怎麽看，你們的情況加起來都是零。這就是零和遊戲。

then the person on your side of the net

現在，如果你玩雙打，

is in a non-zero-sum relationship with you,

那麽在你網子這邊的人

because every point is either good for both of you -- positive, win-win --

與你就是非零和的關系。

or bad for both of you, it's lose-lose.

因爲每一分不是對你們倆同時都是好的，積極的，雙贏，

That's a non-zero-sum game.

就是對你們兩個同時都是壞的，雙輸。好。

And in real life, there are lots of non-zero-sum games.

那個是非零和的遊戲。

In the realm of economics, say, if you buy something:

那麽在現實生活中，有很多非零和的遊戲

that means you'd rather have the merchandise than the money,

在經濟領域中，比方說，如果你買東西，

but the merchant would rather have the money than the merchandise.

那意味著寧願要商品也不要錢，

You both feel you've won.

但是商人是寧願要錢也不要商品。

In a war, two allies are playing a non-zero-sum game.

你們兩個都感覺你們贏了。好。

It's going to either be win-win or lose-lose for them.

在戰爭中，兩個同盟正在玩非零和的遊戲。

So, there are lots of non-zero-sum games in real life.

那對于他們將是雙贏或者雙輸。

And you could basically reformulate what I said earlier,

這樣，在現實生活中有很多的非零和的遊戲。

about how compassion is deployed and the golden rule is deployed,

那麽你基本上可以再用形式表示我剛才說的，

by just saying, well, compassion most naturally flows along non-zero-sum channels

關於同情心和黃金法則是怎麽被調用的話，

where people perceive themselves as being in a potentially win-win situation

只是說的話，那麽，同情心最自然地在非零和的渠道中流淌，

with some of their friends or allies.

那樣人們把他們自己看成與他們的

The deployment of the golden rule

朋友或者同盟是潛在的雙贏關系。

most naturally happens along these non-zero-sum channels.

黃金法則的調用

So, kind of webs of non-zero-sumness

最自然的發生在這些非零和的遇到中。

are where you would expect compassion and the golden rule

所以，非零和的網，

to kind of work their magic.

是你可以期待同情心和黃金法則

With zero-sum channels you would expect something else.

發揮他們神奇力量的地方。

Okay. So, now you're ready for the good news that I said might save the world.

零和的渠道，你只能期待別的了。

And now I can admit that it might not too,

好。那麽，現在你已經准備好來聽我剛才說可能拯救世界的那個好消息了。

now that I've held your attention for three minutes of technical stuff.

那現在我可以承認那也不一定能拯救世界，

But it may. And the good news is that history

現在我已經讓你注意了三分鐘的技術東西。

has naturally expanded these webs of non-zero-sumness,

但是它是有可能的。而且好消息是歷史

these webs that can be these channels for compassion.

已經自然地將非零和的網擴展，

You can go back all the way to the stone age:

這些網可以是同情心的渠道。

technological evolution -- roads, the wheel, writing,

你可以一直回溯到石器時代，

a lot of transportation and communication technologies --

而且，我想從技術革命、公路、輪胎、寫字，

has just inexorably made it so that more people

很多交通和交流技術

can be in more non-zero-sum relationships

正是勢不可擋地使更多的人

with more and more people at greater and greater distances.

能夠進入非零和的關係中

That's the story of civilization.

更多的人在更遠的距離中擁有很多的非零和關係。

It's why social organization has grown from the hunter-gatherer village

那也差不多使人類文明的故事。

to the ancient state, the empire, and now here we are in a globalized world.

這是為什麼社會組織已經從獵採的村子

And the story of globalization is largely a story of non-zero-sumness.

發展成古代的國家，王國，和現在我們在的全球世界。

You've probably heard the term "interdependence"

全球化的故事是一個很大的非零和故事

applied to the modern world. Well, that's just another term for non-zero-sum.

你可以已經聽說了互相依賴這個詞

If your fortunes are interdependent with somebody,

應用於當今世界。那，這只是非零和的另一個說法。

then you live in a non-zero-sum relationship with them.

如果你的命運和另一個人的命運相互依賴，

And you see this all the time in the modern world.

你麼你和那些人的關係就是非零和關係。

You saw it with the recent economic crash,

而且你總是可以在當今世界看到這種關係。

where bad things happen in the economy --

你可以看到在近期的金融危機，

bad for everybody, for much of the world.

經濟發生了很多不好的事，

Good things happen, and it's good for much of the world.

對每個人都不好，對世界都不好。

And, you know, I'm happy to say, I think there's really evidence

好事發生了，這對世界都好。

that this non-zero-sum kind of connection

而且，你知道我很高興可以說，我想確實有証據

can expand the moral compass.

証明這種非零和的關係

I mean, if you look at the American attitudes

可以擴大道德的範籌。

toward Japanese during World War II --

我的意思是，如果你看美國

look at the depictions of Japanese

對日本的態度，在二戰期間，

in the American media as just about subhuman,

看對日本人的描寫，

and look at the fact that we dropped atomic bombs,

在美國的媒體中，就是不是人，

really without giving it much of a thought --

而且看我們仍了原子彈的事實，

and you compare that to the attitude now,

真是沒有考慮很多。

I think part of that is due to a kind of economic interdependence.

但是你對比現在對日本的態度，

Any form of interdependence, or non-zero-sum relationship

我覺得那部分是根據一種經濟互相依賴的關係。

forces you to acknowledge the humanity of people.

任何形式的互相依賴，非零和的關係

So, I think that's good.

迫使你了解人們的人性。