reminds me of one of my favorite stories from the Middle East,

講到談判的困難度的主題

of a man who left to his three sons, 17 camels.

讓我想到我喜歡的一個

To the first son, he left half the camels;

中東來的故事

to the second son, he left a third of the camels;

一個男子給了他三個兒子17隻駱駝

and to the youngest son, he left a ninth of the camels.

他把一半的駱駝給了他大兒子

The three sons got into a negotiation -- 17 doesn't divide by two.

把三分之一的駱駝給他的二兒子

It doesn't divide by three.

把九分之一給他的小兒子

It doesn't divide by nine.

三個兒子就開始協商了

Brotherly tempers started to get strained.

17沒有辦法除以2

Finally, in desperation,

也沒有辦法除以3

they went and they consulted a wise old woman.

沒有辦法除以9

The wise old woman thought about their problem for a long time,

兄弟之間的感情就開始緊張啦

and finally she came back and said, "Well, I don't know if I can help you,

最後, 他們豁出去了

but at least, if you want, you can have my camel."

他們去找了一個聰明的老太太幫他們解決問題

So then, they had 18 camels.

這個聰明的老太太想了很久以後

The first son took his half -- half of 18 is nine.

最後她回來告訴他們

The second son took his third -- a third of 18 is six.

“嗯, 我不知道我該如何幫你們,

The youngest son took his ninth -- a ninth of 18 is two.

不過至少, 如果你們要的話, 你們可以拿走我的駱駝."

You get 17.

所以他們有18隻駱駝

They had one camel left over.

大兒子拿走了屬於他的一半--18隻的一半是9隻

They gave it back to the wise old woman.

二兒子拿走了屬於他的三分之一--18隻的三分之一是六

(Laughter)

小兒子拿走了屬於他的九分之一

Now, if you think about that story for a moment,

18隻的九分之一是2

I think it resembles a lot of the difficult negotiations

加起來正好是17

we get involved in.

他們還多出了一隻駱駝

They start off like 17 camels, no way to resolve it.

所以他們還給了聰明的老太太

Somehow, what we need to do

(笑聲)

is step back from those situations, like that wise old woman,

如果你認真的想想這個故事

look at the situation through fresh eyes

我想這和大部分我們常碰到的

and come up with an 18th camel.

難度高的談判類似

Finding that 18th camel in the world's conflicts

剛開始的時候他們有17隻駱駝--沒有辦法解決這個難題

has been my life passion.

有的時候,我們需要的是

I basically see humanity a bit like those three brothers.

往後退一步想一想,就像那個聰明的老太太一樣

We're all one family.

用不一樣的眼光來看待這個問題

We know that scientifically,

進而選擇用18隻駱駝來解決問題

thanks to the communications revolution,

現在用"18隻駱駝"的邏輯來解決世界上的紛爭

all the tribes on the planet -- all 15,000 tribes --

成為我的生命志向

are in touch with each other.

基本上來說, 我對待人的態度就像那三兄弟一樣

And it's a big family reunion.

我們是個大家庭

And yet, like many family reunions,

科學上而言, 我們也知道我們是個大家庭

it's not all peace and light.

感謝大眾傳播的革命

There's a lot of conflict,

每個在地球上的種族, 一萬五千個種族

and the question is: How do we deal with our differences?

都可以和彼此保持聯絡

How do we deal with our deepest differences,

而這就是個大家庭的團圓

given the human propensity for conflict

就像大部分的家庭團聚一樣

and the human genius at devising weapons of enormous destruction?

並不盡是和平和光明的

That's the question.

有許多的衝突

As I've spent the last better part of three decades, almost four,

問題是

traveling the world,

我們該如何處裡我們之間的差異?

trying to work, getting involved in conflicts

基本人們對衝突的本性

ranging from Yugoslavia to the Middle East

和人類的智慧

to Chechnya to Venezuela --

來解決我們之間最深層的差異?

some of the most difficult conflicts on the face of the planet --

用設計精密的武器來解決巨大的破壞？

I've been asking myself that question.

這就是問題

And I think I've found, in some ways, what is the secret to peace.

我花了過去三十年中最精華的時間

It's actually surprisingly simple.

將近四十年

It's not easy, but it's simple.

在世界各地旅行著

It's not even new.

試圖去解決,介入衝突之中

It may be one of our most ancient human heritages.

從南斯拉夫到中東

The secret to peace is us.

從車臣到委內瑞拉

It's us who act as a surrounding community around any conflict,

有些是在地表上有史以來最困難的衝突

who can play a constructive role.

我問過我自己這個問題

Let me give you just a story, an example.

我想我藉由某些方式找到了答案

About 20 years ago,

所謂和平的秘密

I was in South Africa, working with the parties in that conflict,

事實上答案是令人驚訝的簡單

and I had an extra month,

不是很容易, 但很簡單

so I spent some time living with several groups of San Bushmen.

不只是現在

I was curious about them, about the way in which they resolve conflict.

這也許是我們最古老的人類遺產

Because, after all, within living memory, they were hunters and gatherers,

和平的秘密是我們

living pretty much like our ancestors lived

是我們這些

for maybe 99 percent of the human story.

在社區裡面對各種衝突時

And all the men have these poison arrows that they use for hunting --

扮演建設性的

absolutely fatal.

角色的人

So how do they deal with their differences?

讓我告訴你的故事,一個例子

Well, what I learned is, whenever tempers rise in those communities,

將近二十年前我在南非

someone goes and hides the poison arrows out in the bush,

和一些團體處裡衝突

and then everyone sits around in a circle like this,

結束後我有一個月的假

and they sit and they talk and they talk.

所以我花了點時間和

It may take two days, three days, four days,

一些San Bushmen的聚落住在一起

but they don't rest until they find a resolution

我對於他們的生活模式和他們解決衝突的方式感到好奇

or better yet -- a reconciliation.

因為,說穿了,在我們的記憶裡

And if tempers are still too high,

他們是獵人和蒐集者

then they send someone off to visit some relatives,

和百分之九十九的人類故事中

as a cooling-off period.

我們的祖先的生活方式一樣

Well, that system is, I think, probably the system

而所有的人都擁有這些可以用來狩獵的毒藥

that kept us alive to this point,

絕對致命的毒藥

given our human tendencies.

所以他們如何面對他們與其他人之前的差異？

That system, I call "the third side."

事實上, 我從中學到了

Because if you think about it, normally when we think of conflict,

當這些社區裡的人情緒開始沸騰時,

when we describe it,

有些人會把毒藥藏在灌木以外的地方

there's always two sides --

然後所有人坐成像這樣的一個圓圈

it's Arabs versus Israelis, labor versus management,

他們坐著, 然後討論, 然後討論

husband versus wife, Republicans versus Democrats.

也許會花上兩天, 三天, 四天

But what we don't often see

但他們不休息

is that there's always a third side,

直到他們找到解決方法

and the third side of the conflict is us, it's the surrounding community,

或者更好的, 一個和解的方案

it's the friends, the allies,

如果情緒仍然很高亢

the family members, the neighbors.

那他們就會讓有些人休息去拜訪親戚

And we can play an incredibly constructive role.

當作是讓彼此冷靜的時間

Perhaps the most fundamental way in which the third side can help

這個系統是

is to remind the parties of what's really at stake.

我想, 也許是讓我們活到現在的原因

For the sake of the kids, for the sake of the family,

基於我們人類的天性

for the sake of the community, for the sake of the future,

這個系統, 我稱它為第三方

let's stop fighting for a moment and start talking.

因為如果你認真想想

Because, the thing is,

通常當我們想到爭執, 當我們描述爭執時,

when we're involved in conflict,

通常只有兩方面

it's very easy to lose perspective.

阿拉伯對抗以色列, 勞工階層對抗管理階層

It's very easy to react.

丈夫對抗妻子, 共和黨對抗民主黨

Human beings -- we're reaction machines.

但我們通常看不見的是

And as the saying goes,

其實這中間都有個第三方

when angry, you will make the best speech

而這個爭執中的第三方是我們

you will ever regret.

是周遭的社區

(Laughter)

是朋友, 是夥伴

And so the third side reminds us of that.

是家人, 是鄰居

The third side helps us go to the balcony,

而我們能扮演一個難以置信的建設性角色

which is a metaphor for a place of perspective,

應該能說最基本能讓第三方

where we can keep our eyes on the prize.

來幫忙的

Let me tell you a little story from my own negotiating experience.

是提醒兩方什麼才是真正重要的

Some years ago, I was involved as a facilitator in some very tough talks

為了自己的小孩, 為了自己的家人

between the leaders of Russia and the leaders of Chechnya.

為了整個社區, 為了未來著想

There was a war going on, as you know.

停下戰鬥而開始進行談話

And we met in the Hague, in the Peace Palace,

因為, 如果我們

in the same room where the Yugoslav war-crimes tribunal was taking place.

介入了爭執中

And the talks got off to a rather rocky start

往往很容易失去了對事物的洞察力

when the vice president of Chechnya began by pointing at the Russians

其實這很容易能反應

and said, "You should stay right here in your seats,

人類：我們是反應的機器

because you're going to be on trial for war crimes."

而就像那句格言說的

And then he turned to me and said,

當你在生氣時, 是最容易說出

"You're an American.

讓你永遠後悔的話

Look at what you Americans are doing in Puerto Rico."

而第三方能提醒我們這點

And my mind started racing, "Puerto Rico? What do I know about Puerto Rico?"

第三方幫助我們走到陽台上

I started reacting.

隱喻為我們找個能透視問題的空間

(Laughter)

讓我們能把焦點集中在最後的勝利上

But then, I tried to remember to go to the balcony.

讓我告訴你一個我自己談判經驗上的小故事

And then when he paused

許多年前, 我在俄國的領袖

and everyone looked at me for a response,

和車臣的領袖

from a balcony perspective, I was able to thank him for his remarks

的高峰會談上

and say, "I appreciate your criticism of my country

擔任促進會談的角色

and I take it as a sign that we're among friends

正如你所知道的, 那時戰爭正在進行

and can speak candidly to one another."

而我們在海牙

(Laughter)

的和平宮殿裡會面

"And what we're here to do is not to talk about Puerto Rico or the past.

在同個房間裡, 南斯拉夫的戰犯

We're here to see if we can figure out a way

正在接受審判

to stop the suffering and the bloodshed in Chechnya."

而談話從艱難的對話開始

The conversation got back on track.

當車臣的副總統

That's the role of the third side,

開始指著俄國人說,

to help the parties go to the balcony.

“你應該好好待在你的位子上,

Now let me take you, for a moment,

因為你將會參加戰犯法庭。“

to what's widely regarded as the world's most difficult conflict,

然後他繼續, 然後他指著我說,

or the most impossible conflict, the Middle East.

你是個美國人

Question is: where's the third side there?

看看你們美國人在波多黎各幹得好事。“

How could we possibly go to the balcony?

然後我的思緒開始奔跑, "波多黎各？ 我對波多黎各了解多少？“

Now, I don't pretend to have an answer to the Middle East conflict,

我開始回答他的談話,

but I think I've got a first step -- literally, a first step --

但我試著記得走到陽台上去。

something that any one of us could do as third-siders.

當他暫停談話,

Let me just ask you one question first.

所有人把目光集中到我身上想看我有什麼回答

How many of you in the last years

從陽台角度看來, 我能夠謝謝他的評論

have ever found yourself worrying about the Middle East

然後說, “我感謝你對我的國家的批評,

and wondering what anyone could do?

而我會把那當作是我們是朋友的象徵

Just out of curiosity, how many of you?

所以才能率直的和對方談話

OK, so the great majority of us.

我們在這裡不是為了討論波多黎各或是過去

And here, it's so far away.

我們在這裡是為看我們是否能找出

Why do we pay so much attention to this conflict?

結束車臣人民的受苦和流血。

Is it the number of deaths?

對話回到原先的軌道上

There are a hundred times more people who die in a conflict in Africa

這就是第三方的角色

than in the Middle East.

為了幫助任何一方走到陽台上

No, it's because of the story,

現在讓我借用你一點時間

because we feel personally involved in that story.

來看看人們稱為世界上最困難的爭執

Whether we're Christians, Muslims or Jews, religious or non-religious,

或者最不可能解決的爭執

we feel we have a personal stake in it.

那就是中東問題

Stories matter;

問題是：第三方在哪裡？

as an anthropologist, I know that.

我們該如何走到陽台上？

Stories are what we use to transmit knowledge.

我不想裝作我有解決中東問題

They give meaning to our lives.

的答案

That's what we tell here at TED, we tell stories.

但我想我知道第一步該怎麼做

Stories are the key.

照字面上來講的第一步

And so my question is --

是我們之中任何一位都能把自己當作第三方而做的事情

yes, let's try and resolve the politics there in the Middle East,

讓我首先問你一個問題

but let's also take a look at the story.

在你們之中有誰

Let's try to get at the root of what it's all about.

在過去這幾年

Let's see if we can apply the third side to it.

曾經煩惱過中東問題

What would that mean? What is the story there?

且想過誰能解決這些問題？

Now, as anthropologists, we know that every culture has an origin story.

只是好奇, 有多少人？

What's the origin story of the Middle East?

好的, 大多數的人都想過這個問題

In a phrase, it's:

就在這裡, 這個離中東這麼遠的地方

Four thousand years ago,

為什麼我們這麼關心這個問題？

a man and his family walked across the Middle East,

是因為死亡人數嗎？

and the world has never been the same since.

在非洲的爭執中, 有比中東問題更多的

That man, of course, was Abraham.

數以百計的人死去

And what he stood for was unity, the unity of the family;

不是, 是因為故事本身

he's the father of us all.

因為我們覺得是置身在

But it's not just what he stood for, it's what his message was.

故事當中

His basic message was unity too,

不管我們是天主教, 穆斯林, 或者猶太人

the interconnectedness of it all, the unity of it all.

有信仰或者沒信仰

And his basic value was respect,

我們覺得這關係到個人利益

was kindness toward strangers.

故事是有關係的。 身為一個人類學家, 我很清楚的知道這點

That's what he's known for, his hospitality.

故事是我們用來傳達知識的工具

So in that sense,

他們給了我們的生活意義

he's the symbolic third side of the Middle East.

就像我們在TED告訴你們的, 我們在講故事

He's the one who reminds us that we're all part of a greater whole.

故事是重點

Now, think about that for a moment.

所以我的問題是

Today, we face the scourge of terrorism.

是的, 我們來試著解決在中東的

What is terrorism?

政治紛爭

Terrorism is basically taking an innocent stranger

但讓我們先看一下故事本身

and treating them as an enemy whom you kill in order to create fear.

試著看到故事的根源和內容

What's the opposite of terrorism?

試著看看我們是否使用第三方的理念

It's taking an innocent stranger

那是什麼意義？ 那故事會是怎樣？

and treating them as a friend whom you welcome into your home,

身為人類學家, 我們知道

in order to sow and create understanding

每個文化都有其起源的故事

or respect, or love.

那中東的起源故事是什麼？

So what if, then, you took the story of Abraham,

簡單來說就是

which is a third-side story,

四千年以前, 一個男人和他的家庭

what if that could be --

穿越了中東

because Abraham stands for hospitality --

而世界從此就再也不一樣了

what if that could be an antidote to terrorism?

那個男人當然就是

What if that could be a vaccine against religious intolerance?

亞伯拉罕

How would you bring that story to life?

而他代表團結

Now, it's not enough just to tell a story.

一個家庭的團結

That's powerful, but people need to experience the story.

他是我們大家的父親

They need to be able to live the story.

但不只是他所代表的, 是他的訊息是什麼

How would you do that?

他的基本訊息也是團結

And that was my thinking of how would you do that.

所有的互聯性和所有的團結

And that's what comes to the first step here.

而他的基本原則是尊重

Because the simple way to do that is:

是對陌生人的友好

you go for a walk.

這是他廣為人知的地方, 他的好客

You go for a walk in the footsteps of Abraham.

所以就此而言

You retrace the footsteps of Abraham.

他是中東裡的

Because walking has a real power.

第三方的象徵

You know, as an anthropologist, walking is what made us human.

他是提醒我們

It's funny -- when you walk, you walk side-by-side,

我們都是隸屬於一個偉大的總體的那個人