are pretty much the most wasteful industry

餐廳和食品業

in the world.

大概是世界上

For every calorie of food that we consume here in Britain today,

最浪費資源的產業。

10 calories are taken to produce it.

現在我們在英國所吃掉的每一份熱量，

That's a lot.

就需要耗用十倍的熱量來生產，

I want to take something rather humble

真的很多。

to discuss.

我想要來談談一些

I found this in the farmers' market today,

較為簡樸的作法。

and if anybody wants to take it home and mash it later, you're very welcome to.

這是我今天在農夫市場找到的，

The humble potato --

如果有誰想要帶回家搗成泥，就請便吧。

and I've spent a long time, 25 years, preparing these.

這只是個馬鈴薯，

And it pretty much goes through

我花了很長的時間，大約25年，才想出這個道理。

eight different forms in its lifetime.

在它的生命裡，

First of all, it's planted, and that takes energy.

大約會歷經八個不同的型式。

It grows and is nurtured.

首先，我們要栽種，這就耗掉不少能源，

It's then harvested.

馬鈴薯會成長，也會吸收養份，

It's then distributed,

我們才能收成。

and distribution is a massive issue.

接下來則是配銷，

It's then sold and bought,

配銷牽扯到的問題很多。

and it's then delivered to me.

再過來則是買賣過程，

I basically take it, prepare it,

送到了我的手上，

and then people consume it -- hopefully they enjoy it.

我則是準備拿來烹調，

The last stage is basically waste,

讓人們吃下肚，希望大家都能滿意。

and this is is pretty much where everybody disregards it.

最後的階段則是廢棄物處理，

There are different types of waste.

這也是大家最為忽略的階段。

There's a waste of time; there's a waste of space; there's a waste of energy;

浪費可分為幾種型態，

and there's a waste of waste.

有人浪費時間、有人浪費空間、有人浪費能源，

And every business I've been working on

也有人浪費廢棄物。

over the past five years,

我在過去五年

I'm trying to lower each one of these elements.

所參與過的每一項工作裡，

Okay, so you ask what a sustainable restaurant looks like.

都致力於降低浪費。

Basically a restaurant just like any other.

好，你會問到底注重環保的餐廳長什麼樣子？

This is the restaurant, Acorn House.

其實這種餐廳和別的沒有什麼不同，

Front and back.

就是個餐廳，這間叫做「橡實屋」，

So let me run you through a few ideas.

正面和背面的照片。

Floor: sustainable, recyclable.

我來說明幾個觀念：

Chairs: recycled and recyclable.

地板：耐磨、可回收利用。

Tables: Forestry Commission.

椅子：回收製作，且可再回收利用。

This is Norwegian Forestry Commission wood.

桌子：契約林地生產製造。

This bench, although it was uncomfortable for my mom --

這是用挪威契約林地生產的木材所製造，

she didn't like sitting on it,

這張長椅，我媽坐上去很不舒服，

so she went and bought these cushions for me from a local jumble sale --

她很不喜歡坐在上頭，

reusing, a job that was pretty good.

但她跑到當地的雜貨拍賣店買了些椅墊，

I hate waste, especially walls.

全是回收再製作的，手工還不賴。

If they're not working, put a shelf on it, which I did,

我討厭浪費，尤其是牆壁，

and that shows all the customers my products.

如果空著沒用，就放個架子上去，我就是這麼做的，

The whole business is run on sustainable energy.

還可以向顧客展示我的產品。

This is powered by wind. All of the lights are daylight bulbs.

整間餐廳都是使用永續能源，

Paint is all low-volume chemical,

像是利用風力發電，裡面的燈泡也全都改成白光燈泡，

which is very important when you're working in the room all the time.

油漆則是選用化學成份最低的品牌，

I was experimenting with these -- I don't know if you can see it --

這對全天都在餐廳裡工作的人來說是很重要的。

but there's a work surface there.

我一直在實驗這個，我不知道你們是否看得出來，

And that's a plastic polymer.

但我在這表面還多漆了一層，

And I was thinking, well I'm trying to think nature, nature, nature.

那是塑化聚合物。

But I thought, no, no, experiment with resins,

我一直在想著要用自然的東西，

experiment with polymers.

但我想也可以用合成樹脂來做些實驗，

Will they outlive me? They probably might.

用聚合物做些實驗。

Right, here's a reconditioned coffee machine.

這些東西會比我長壽嗎？或許會哦。

It actually looks better than a brand new one -- so looking good there.

這是一台重新調整過的咖啡機，

Now reusing is vital.

看起來比一台新的還要好，擺在這裡真好。

And we filter our own water.

重新回收利用資源是很重要的，

We put them in bottles, refrigerate them,

我們還過濾自己要喝的水，

and then we reuse that bottle again and again and again.

把水裝進瓶子裡，放進冰箱，

Here's a great little example.

一再地重覆使用同一個瓶子。

If you can see this orange tree, it's actually growing in a car tire,

這裡還有一個很棒的小例子，

which has been turned inside out and sewn up.

看看這株橘子樹，它其實是被種在一個汽車輪胎裡，

It's got my compost in it, which is growing an orange tree, which is great.

我們把車胎內面翻出來，再縫起來而已。

This is the kitchen, which is in the same room.

我還放了些堆肥在裡頭，就長出了這株橘子樹，很棒吧！

I basically created a menu that allowed people

這是廚房，就在同一個房間裡。

to choose the amount and volume of food

我把菜單設計成不只有價錢而已，

that they wanted to consume.

還可以挑選食物的份量，

Rather than me putting a dish down,

這樣大家就可以各取所需，

they were allowed to help themselves to as much or as little as they wanted.

而不是每次都由我端出相同份量的菜餚，

Okay, it's a small kitchen. It's about five square meters.

我要讓顧客自己決定自己要吃多少份量。

It serves 220 people a day.

好，這個廚房不大，大約只有五平方公尺而已，

We generate quite a lot of waste.

但一天卻可以供應220人用餐。

This is the waste room.

我們每天會製造出許多廢物，

You can't get rid of waste.

就堆在這個廢棄物室。

But this story's not about eliminating it, it's about minimizing it.

人們不可能不製造廢棄物，

In here, I have produce and boxes

但我要說的不是去消滅廢棄物，而是儘量減少廢棄物的產生。

that are unavoidable.

我會產出廢棄物，還得處理廢棄物，

I put my food waste into this dehydrating, desiccating macerator --

這都是免不了的工作。

turns food into an inner material,

我把廚餘放進乾燥脫水機裡，

which I can store and then compost later.

把它們變成乾燥的狀態，

I compost it in this garden.

我就可以先儲存著，日後再來做堆肥。

All of the soil you can see there is basically my food,

我在院子裡製作堆肥，

which is generated by the restaurant,

你在院子裡看到的所有土壤，其實都是食物殘渣，

and it's growing in these tubs, which I made out of storm-felled trees

是餐廳裡的廚餘，

and wine casks and all kinds of things.

我把廚餘放進這些管子裡，我用漂流木

Three compost bins --

和酒桶這類東西做出這些管子。

go through about 70 kilos of raw vegetable waste a week --

三個堆肥箱子...

really good, makes fantastic compost.

每週要處理大約70公斤的蔬菜廚餘，

A couple of wormeries in there too.

真的很棒，是很棒的堆肥，

And actually one of the wormeries

也有很多蟲子住在裡頭。

was a big wormery. I had a lot of worms in it.

其中有一種蟲子真的很大，

And I tried taking the dried food waste,

各種蟲子都有，

putting it to the worms, going, "There you go, dinner."

有一次我還把一片乾燥的廚餘，

It was like vegetable jerky,

拿到蟲子前面說：「給你當晚餐。」

and killed all of them.

可能是那片乾燥蔬菜有問題吧...

I don't know how many worms [were] in there,

蟲子全都死了。

but I've got some heavy karma coming, I tell you.

我不知道裡頭到底有多少蟲，

(Laughter)

但我想我會有很嚴重的報應吧！

What you're seeing here is a water filtration system.

(笑聲)

This takes the water out of the restaurant,

你現在看到的是濾水系統，

runs it through these stone beds -- this is going to be mint in there --

水會從這裡流到餐廳外面，

and I sort of water the garden with it.

流過這一層石頭來過濾，這裡應該有種些薄荷才對，

And I ultimately want to recycle that, put it back into the loos,

我會用過濾過的水來澆花。

maybe wash hands with it, I don't know.

我還想更進一步來回收利用這些水，

So, water is a very important aspect.

或許用來洗手吧，我不知道。

I started meditating on that

水是很重要的一環，

and created a restaurant called Waterhouse.

我深入研究之後，

If I could get Waterhouse to be a no-carbon restaurant

開了一家叫做「水世界」的餐廳。

that is consuming no gas to start with, that would be great.

如果我能把水世界打造成一個沒有碳排放的餐廳，

I managed to do it.

就從不要用瓦斯開始，那一定很棒！

This restaurant looks a little bit like Acorn House --

我一定會想辦法做到的！

same chairs, same tables.

這家餐廳看起來有點像橡實屋，

They're all English and a little bit more sustainable.

同樣的桌椅，

But this is an electrical restaurant.

全都是英國製造，而且很耐用，

The whole thing is electric, the restaurant and the kitchen.

但這間餐廳是間電氣餐廳，

And it's run on hydroelectricity,

全部只使用電，包含餐廳和廚房，

so I've gone from air to water.

全都是靠水力發電，

Now it's important to understand

所以我已經用過風力和水力發電了。

that this room

各位要瞭解一點，

is cooled by water, heated by water,

這很重要，

filters its own water,

這個房間是靠水來降溫，也靠水來供應暖氣，

and it's powered by water.

回收的水會再過濾，

It literally is Waterhouse.

運用水來發電，

The air handling system inside it --

名符其實的水世界。

I got rid of air-conditioning

裡頭的排風系統，

because I thought there was too much consumption going on there.

我沒有使用冷氣機，

This is basically air-handling.

因為我覺得太耗能源了，

I'm taking the temperature of the canal outside,

所以只簡單使用這種排風系統，

pumping it through the heat exchange mechanism,

我把外面河道的溫度引進來，

it's turning through these amazing sails on the roof,

利用熱能交換的機制把它抽進來，

and that, in turn, is falling softly onto the people in the restaurant,

靠屋頂上那些令人驚歎的帆轉動，

cooling them, or heating them, as the need may be.

讓風緩緩地降在餐廳客人身上，

And this is an English willow air diffuser,

讓他們感受到涼風，或是熱風，隨季節而定。

and that's softly moving

這是英國製的柳條風扇，

that air current through the room.

它緩慢地轉動，

Very advanced, no air-conditioning -- I love it.

讓氣流在房間裡流動。

In the canal, which is just outside the restaurant,

很先進吧？完全沒有使用冷氣機，我愛死這個了！

there is hundreds of meters of coil piping.

在餐廳外面有一條河，

This takes the temperature of the canal

我們架設了數百公尺的管線，

and turns it into this four-degrees of heat exchange.

把河道上的溫度

I have no idea how it works, but I paid a lot of money for it.

和室內溫度交換，大約有4度的溫差。

(Laughter)

我不知道這個原理是什麼，但我花了一大筆錢做這個。

And what's great is one of the chefs who works in that restaurant

(笑聲)

lives on this boat -- it's off-grid; it generates all its own power.

最棒的是，有一個在餐廳裡工作的廚師，

He's growing all his own fruit, and that's fantastic.

就住在船上，完全不使用電，而是自行發電，

There's no accident in names of these restaurants.

他種植他自己所需的水果，真是太棒了！

Acorn House is the element of wood; Waterhouse is the element of water;

這些餐廳的命名是有意義的，

and I'm thinking, well, I'm going to be making

橡實屋的主題是木材，水世界的主題是水，

five restaurants based

我在想，我想要有

on the five Chinese medicine acupuncture specialities.

五間餐廳，

I've got water and wood. I'm just about to do fire.

要以中國的五行為主題，

I've got metal and earth to come.

我已經有水和木了，我還要開一間火餐廳，

So you've got to watch your space for that.

還有以金和土為主題的餐廳。

Okay. So this is my next project.

各位等著瞧吧！

Five weeks old,

好，這是我的下一個計畫，

it's my baby, and it's hurting real bad.

我想了五個星期了，

The People's Supermarket.

我正在構想，真的很不好做，

So basically, the restaurants only really hit

我要開一間「平民超市」。

people who believed in what I was doing anyway.

基本上，我開的餐廳

What I needed to do was get food out

只能吸引那些與我志同道合的顧客，

to a broader spectrum of people.

但我想要把我的食物

So people -- i.e., perhaps, more working-class --

推廣給更多人。

or perhaps people who actually believe in a cooperative.

我的目標是藍領階級，

This is a social enterprise,

或是那些相信互相合作的人，

not-for-profit cooperative supermarket.

這是一個社會主義企業，

It really is about the social disconnect

不以營利為目的的超市。

between food, communities

我們在這裡只談食物

in urban settings

和都市社區間的

and their relationship to rural growers --

社會聯繫，

connecting communities in London to rural growers.

以及社區和農夫間的關係，

Really important.

我們要把倫敦社區和農夫的關係重新建立起來，

So I'm committing to potatoes; I'm committing to milk;

這真的很重要。

I'm committing to leeks and broccoli -- all very important stuff.

我要賣馬鈴薯，我要賣牛奶，

I've kept the tiles; I've kept the floors;

我要賣葱和甘藍菜，全都是很重要的食物。

I've kept the trunking; I've got in some recycled fridges;

我已經鋪好地磚，整理好地板，

I've got some recycled tills; I've got some recycled trolleys.

準備好箱子，也準備了一些回收再利用的冰箱，

I mean, the whole thing is is super-sustainable.

還有回收再利用的收銀機和手推車。

In fact, I'm trying and I'm going to make this

這整個計畫簡直是超極環保的，

the most sustainable supermarket in the world.

我想要把這間超市

That's zero food waste.

打造成全世界最環保的超市。

And no one's doing that just yet.

完全沒有食物會被浪費，

In fact, Sainsbury's, if you're watching,

還沒有人這麼做過。

let's have a go. Try it on.

如果你關心這類議題的話，

I'm going to get there before you.

目前只有聖貝瑞超市在這麼做，

So nature doesn't create waste

我會比他們更早做到！

doesn't create waste as such.

自然就不會有浪費，

Everything in nature is used up in a closed continuous cycle

不會出現這麼浪費的情形。

with waste being the end of the beginning,

自然界的一切都是在一個封閉的循環裡流動，

and that's been something that's been nurturing me for some time,

廢棄物會是終點也是起點，

and it's an important statement to understand.

終有一天我們也會受益於這些廢棄物，

If we don't stand up

這是我們必須瞭解的重要觀念。

and make a difference

如果我們不挺身而出，

and think about sustainable food,

為世界做出一些改變，

think about the sustainable nature of it,

如果我們不去思考食物的永續，

then we may fail.

不去思考大自然的永續，

But, I wanted to get up and show you

我們終有一天會滅亡。

that we can do it if we're more responsible.

我要身先士卒，讓各位知道，

Environmentally conscious businesses are doable.

我們只要多負擔一些責任就可以做到，

They're here. You can see I've done three so far;

有環保意識的企業是可行的，

I've got a few more to go.

這種公司是存在的，我就已經有三家這樣的公司了，

The idea is embryonic.

我還會繼續做下去。

I think it's important.

這個觀念還在胚胎階段，

I think that if we reduce, reuse, refuse

但我認為還是很重要，

and recycle -- right at the end there --

我們要做到減量、重覆使用、拒絕浪費、

recycling is the last point I want to make;

回收利用，就寫在這下面。

but it's the four R's, rather than the three R's --

回收再利用是我要強調的最後一個重點，

then I think we're going to be on our way.

所以總共有四個重點，而不只是三個而已。

So these three are not perfect -- they're ideas.

這麼做就可以讓我們達成目標，

I think that there are many problems to come,

這三家公司還不是很完美，只是起頭而已。

but with help, I'm sure I'm going to find solutions.

我認為我們會遇到許多困難，

And I hope you all take part.

但只有靠別人的協助，我相信一定能找到解決之道，

Thank you very much. (Applause)

我希望各位都能參與。