and I'm honored to talk about this topic,

我很榮幸能在這裡

which I think is of grave importance.

也很榮幸能談論這個問題

We've been talking a lot

我認爲這是個很嚴重的問題。

about the horrific impacts of plastic on the planet and on other species,

我們已經討論過很多

but plastic hurts people, too --

關於塑膠對地球和其他物種

especially poor people.

帶來的可怕的影響，

And both in the production of plastic,

但是塑膠也會危害人類

the use of plastic and the disposal of plastic,

特別是貧窮的人。

the people who have the bull's-eye on their foreheads

在塑膠的生産過程

are poor people.

或是使用及丟棄的過程中

People got very upset

直接受害的最嚴重的

when the BP oil spill happened,

都是貧窮的人。

for very good reason.

大家對於英國石油油井的原油外泄

People thought, "Oh, my God.

感到很憤怒

This is terrible, this oil -- it's in the water.

這是可以體會的。

It's going to destroy the living systems there.

大家會想，“天哪，

People are going to be hurt.

這外泄的油太可怕了，

This is a terrible thing,

流進水裏，裏面的生態

this oil is going to hurt the people in the Gulf."

將會被破壞殆盡。

What people don't think about is:

人們也會蒙受其害。

What if the oil had made it safely to shore?

進而影響墨西哥灣周圍人們的生計

What if the oil actually got where it was trying to go?

這是很可怕的一件事。”

Not only would it have been burned in engines and added to global warming,

人們沒想過的是

but there's a place called "Cancer Alley,"

如果原油安全地被運輸上岸

and the reason it's called "Cancer Alley"

順利地到達目的地（煉油厰）會怎樣呢？

is because the petrochemical industry

石油不只會被送進引擎燃燒

takes that oil and turns it into plastic

變成廢氣造成全球暖化

and in the process, kills people.

還有個地方叫“癌症帶”

It shortens the lives of the people who live there in the Gulf.

爲什麽叫“癌症帶”呢？

So oil and petrochemicals are not just a problem when there's a spill;

那是因爲石化業

they're a problem when there's not.

用原油製造塑膠

And what we don't often appreciate

在生産的過程毒害了當地的居民。

is the price that poor people pay

住在墨西哥灣區的人們壽命因此而縮短。

for us to have these disposable products.

所以石油化工業即使在油井不漏油的時候

The other thing we often don't appreciate is,

也是個問題製造者。

it's not just at the point of production that poor people suffer.

我們通常不知道的是

Poor people also suffer at the point of use.

貧窮的人們為我們丟棄的塑膠

Those of us who earn a certain income level,

所付出的代價。

we have something called choice.

還有一件我們通常也不知道的事

The reason why you want to work hard and have a job

人們不止在生産的過程中受害

and not be poor and broke

在使用的過程

is so you can have choices, economic choices.

人們也會受害。

We actually get a chance to choose not to use products

收入所得超過一定水準的人

that have dangerous, poisonous plastic in them.

有選擇的能力。

Other people who are poor don't have those choices.

我們之所以會想要努力工作

So low-income people often are the ones

不想陷入貧窮或破產

who are buying the products that have those dangerous chemicals in them

是因爲我們在經濟上想要保有選擇的能力。

that their children are using.

我們有能力去選擇

Those are the people who wind up ingesting a disproportionate amount

不去使用某些產品

of this poisonous plastic in using it.

那些包含危險的有毒的塑膠的產品。

And people say, "Well, they should just buy a different product."

但是窮人們是沒有選擇的

Well, the problem with being poor is you don't have those choices.

所以低收入的人們經常也是

You often have to buy the cheapest products.

去買那些内含有毒化學成分的產品

The cheapest products are often the most dangerous.

來給他們小孩用的人。

And if that weren't bad enough --

到頭來這些人

if it wasn't just the production of plastic that's giving people cancer

吸收了或是使用了

in places like Cancer Alley,

比一般人更多的有毒塑膠。

and shortening lives and hurting poor kids at the point of use --

可能有人會說，“他們應該買其它較安全的產品。”

at the point of disposal,

但是問題是身為窮人，你是沒有其他的選擇的。

once again, it's poor people who bear the burden.

你通常只能買最便宜的產品

Often, we think we're doing a good thing:

而最便宜的產品通常也是最危險的。

You're in your office, drinking your bottled water or whatever it is,

如果這還不夠糟糕，還有更慘的：

and you think to yourself, "I'm going to throw this away.

不止在塑膠的生産過程裏

No -- I'm going to be virtuous. I'm going to put it in the blue bin."

會帶給人們癌症，形成“癌症帶”，縮短性命

You think, "I put mine in the blue bin."

窮苦人家的小孩在使用的過程也會受害

And then you look at your colleague and say,

甚至在丟棄的時候

"Why, you cretin! You put yours in the white bin."

再一次地，又是窮苦人家

And we use that as a moral tickle.

首當其害。

We feel so good about ourselves.

我們常常以爲我們在做正確的事

If we -- well, OK, I'm just ... me.

你在你的辦公室

Not you, but I feel this way often.

你在喝一瓶水還是什麽的

(Laughter)

你在想，“我要把這瓶子丟掉。

And so we kind of have this moral feel-good moment.

不，我要做做功德

But if we were to be able to follow that little bottle

把這個瓶子放進藍色的資源回收桶。”

on its journey,

你想，“我把我的瓶子放進藍桶子裏。”

we would be shocked to discover that, all too often,

接下來你看著你的同事說

that bottle is going to be put on a boat,

“爲什麽你這個低能兒

it's going to go all the way across the ocean

把你的塑膠瓶放在白色的桶子裏？”

at some expense,

我們把這個動作當作一個道德標簽

and it's going to wind up in a developing country, often China.

我們也因此自我感覺超好。

I think in our minds, we imagine

還可能原諒自己

somebody's going to take the little bottle and say,

可能你不會，但是我是這麽覺得的。

"Oh, little bottle! We're so happy to see you, little bottle."

我們都因此有道德上感覺良好的時候。

(Laughter)

但是要是我們跟著這個小塑膠瓶

"You've served so well."

看看它接下來的旅程

(Laughter)

常常，我們會很吃驚地發現

He's given a little bottle massage,

塑膠瓶會被裝上船

a little bottle medal.

花費一些運費

And they say, "What would you like to do next?"

飄洋過海

The little bottle says, "I just don't know ..."

最後到達一個開發中國家--通常是中國

(Laughter)

在我們的心裏我們想象

But that's not actually what happens.

有個人會拿起瓶子說，“噢，小小瓶子，

You know?

我們真高興見到你這個小瓶子。”

That bottle winds up getting burned.

（笑聲）

The recycling of plastic in many developing countries

“你的任務是如此完美地達成了”

means the incineration of the plastic, the burning of the plastic,

小瓶子得到了獎勵

which releases incredible toxic chemicals

還有小瓶子獎章。

and, once again, kills people.

那個人又說，“接下來你想做什麽？”

And so, poor people who are making these products

小瓶子說，“我還不知道。”

in petrochemical centers like Cancer Alley,

但事實並不是如此。

poor people who are consuming these products disproportionately,

這個瓶子

and then poor people who, even at the tail end of the recycling,

最後是被燒掉。

are having their lives shortened.

在很多開發中國家，塑膠資源的回收

They're all being harmed -- greatly --

就意味著把塑膠燒掉

by this addiction that we have to disposability.

而在燒塑膠的過程中

Now, you think to yourself -- I know how you are --

會散發無可計量的有毒化學物質

you say, "That sure is terrible for those poor people.

再一次，

It's just awful. Those poor people.

是貧窮的人

I hope someone does something to help them."

在“癌症帶“這樣的石化中心

But what we don't understand is --

生産這一類塑膠產品；

here we are in Los Angeles.

是貧窮的人高度地消費這一類的產品；

We worked very hard to get the smog reduction

最後還是貧窮的人

happening here in Los Angeles.

在資源回收的末端

But guess what?

看著他們的性命被縮短

Because they're doing so much dirty production in Asia now,

嚴重地被侵害

because the environmental laws don't protect the people in Asia now,

就只因爲我們太習慣於

almost all of the clean air gains and the toxic air gains

用過即丟的生活方式。

that we've achieved here in California

現在你會想--因爲我很了解大家--

have been wiped out by dirty air coming over from Asia.

“對這些人來説

So we all are being hit. We all are being impacted.

這真是太可怕了。

It's just that the poor people get it first and worst.

太慘了，

But the dirty production, the burning of toxins,

這些窮人們。

the lack of environmental standards in Asia,

我希望有人能幫幫他們。”

is actually creating so much dirty air pollution,

我們不了解的是

it's coming across the ocean,

在洛杉磯的我們

and has erased our gains here in California.

很努力地要降低

We're back where we were in the 1970s.

在本地煙霧的排放

And so we're on one planet,

但是你猜怎麽樣？

and we have to be able to get to the root of these problems.

因爲現在在亞洲有這麽多的骯髒的工廠

The root of this problem, in my view,

因爲環境保護法案

is the idea of disposability itself.

現在還無法保護在亞洲的人們

You see, if you understand the link

我們在加州

between what we're doing to poison and pollute the planet

辛辛苦苦維護的清潔空氣

and what we're doing to poor people,

和消除的髒空氣

you arrive at a very troubling but also very helpful insight:

全被亞洲飄過來的髒空氣一筆勾銷。

In order to trash the planet,

最終我們還是受到影響

you have to trash people.

但是首當其衝的還是貧窮的人們。

But if you create a world where you don't trash people,

因爲不乾淨的生産過程，燃燒所釋放的有毒物質

you can't trash the planet.

和亞洲的缺乏環保

So now we are at a moment

產生了許多空氣污染

where the coming together of social justice as an idea

飄洋過海而來完全抵消了我們在加州的努力。

and ecology as an idea,

我們反而退回到70年代的標準。

we finally can now see

我們在同一個地球上

that they are really, at the end of the day, one idea.

所以我們必須找到問題的根源。

And it's the idea that we don't have disposable anything.

在我看來，問題的根源

We don't have disposable resources.

在於用過即丟這個觀念上。

We don't have disposable species.

看，你如果了解

And we don't have disposable people, either.

我們對地球

We don't have a throwaway planet,

所造成的污染

and we don't have throwaway children -- it's all precious.

和我們對窮人帶來的影響之間是有關聯的

And as we all begin to come back to that basic understanding,

你就會得到這個

new opportunities for action begin to emerge.

令人不安但很有幫助的看法：

Biomimicry,

要把地球作廢

which is an emerging science,

你得先把人類作廢。

winds up being a very important social justice idea.

但是如果你能創造一個珍惜人類的世界

People who are just learning about this stuff:

你也就做到了珍惜地球。

biomimicry means respecting the wisdom of all species.

我們社會進步到了

Democracy, by the way,

一方面重視社會正義

means respecting the wisdom of all people -- we'll get to that.

一方面也要環境保護

But biomimicry means respecting the wisdom of all species.

但我們也終於看出來

It turns out we're a pretty clever species.

這其實是一體的兩個面。

We have this big cortex, we're pretty proud of ourselves.

這兩個面指的事就是，拒絕用過就丟。

But if we want to make something hard,

我們的資源不該是用過即丟的

we say, "I know! I'm going to make a hard substance.

其他的生物也不是用過即丟的。

I know! I'm going to get vacuums and furnaces

人類更不是用過即丟的。

and drag stuff out of the ground

我們的地球不是用過即丟的

and get things hot and poison and pollute ...

就像我們的下一代一樣，都是很珍貴的。

But I got this hard thing!"

一旦我們有了這樣的基礎認識

(Laughter)

新的行動機會也跟著出現了。

"I'm so clever!"

那就是“仿生學”

And you look behind you, and there's destruction all around you.

這是一樣新概念

But guess what?

剛出現的新科學

You're so clever, but you're not as clever as a clam.

也是一個很重要的社會正義的概念

A clamshell is hard.

人們也才剛開始了解。

There's no vacuums. There's no big furnaces.

仿生學是指

There's no poison. There's no pollution.

尊重所有物種的智慧。

It turns out that other species figured out a long time ago

順便一提，民主，

how to create many of the things we need

是指尊重所有人民的智慧。

using biological processes that nature knows how to use well.

仿生學是指尊重所有物種的智慧。

That insight of biomimicry, of our scientists finally realizing

我們人類被認定是很聰明的物種

that we have as much to learn from other species --

腦很大之類的，我們相當自豪。

I don't mean taking a mouse and sticking it with stuff.

我們要是要做一樣硬的東西

I don't mean looking at it from that way, abusing the little species.

我們會想，”我要拿一樣硬的原料

I mean actually respecting them, respecting what they've achieved.

我知道，我還需要鼓風機和熔爐

That's called biomimicry,

把硬的原料從地底挖出來

and that opens the door to zero waste production;

把一切搞得熱乎乎、又有毒、又重污染

zero pollution production;

但我最後還是得到我要的。

that we could actually enjoy

我太聰明了。“

a high quality of life, a high standard of living,

你看看你後面，一路造成的破壞

without trashing the planet.

你還說你很聰明嗎？

Well, that idea of biomimicry,

你還比不上一顆蛤蚌呢

respecting the wisdom of all species,

蛤蚌的殼很硬

combined with the idea of democracy and social justice,

不需要鼓風機，不需要大的熔爐

respecting the wisdom and the worth of all people,

不產生有毒物質，也沒有污染。

would give us a different society.

看起來別的物種

We would have a different economy.

很早以前就知道

We would have a green society

用自然界的生物功法

that Dr. King would be proud of.

來製造我們需要的東西。

That should be the goal.

我們的科學家終於了解

And the way that we get there is to first of all recognize

仿生學的内涵

that the idea of disposability

我們可以從其它物種那裏學很多東西，

not only hurts the species we've talked about,

我不是說抓一隻老鼠

but it even corrupts our own society.

給牠貼上東西

We're so proud to live here in California.

我不是說要虐待小動物

We just had this vote, and everybody's like,

我是說要去尊重，尊重牠們的成就。

"Well -- not in our state!"

這就是仿生學

(Laughter)

這也是做到

I don't know what those other states were doing, but ..."

完全利用，

(Laughter)

零污染的關鍵

Just so proud.

這樣我們才可以

And, yeah, I'm proud, too.

享受高品質的生活

But ...

而不會使地球毀滅。

California, though we lead the world in some of the green stuff,

這個仿生學的

we also, unfortunately, lead the world

尊重所有物種的智慧的概念

in some of the gulag stuff.

去結合

California has one of the highest incarceration rates

民主和社會正義的

of all the 50 states.

尊重所有人類的智慧和價值的觀念，

We have a moral challenge in this movement.

會產生一個不同以往的社會。

We are passionate about rescuing some dead materials from the landfill,

我們也會有一個不同的經濟

but sometimes not as passionate

我們會有金博士都引以爲傲的

about rescuing living beings, living people.

環保綠色社會。

And I would say that we live in a country --

這應該是我們的目標。

five percent of the world's population,

而要達到這個目標

25 percent of the greenhouse gases,

大家要先認知這個用過即丟的概念

but also 25 percent of the world's prisoners.

不止傷害了

One of every four people locked up anywhere in the world

我們談到的物種

is locked up right here in the United States.

還會腐化我們的社會。

So that is consistent with this idea

我們是如此地以住在加州為傲

that disposability is something we believe in.

我們才剛投過票，大家才透過選票說

And yet,

“這種事不該在這裡發生。

as a movement that has to broaden its constituency,

別的州在搞什麽我不懂。”

that has to grow,

（笑聲）

that has to reach out beyond our natural comfort zone,

是如此地自豪。

one of the challenges to the success of this movement,

對啊，我也覺得很驕傲。

of getting rid of things like plastic and helping the economy shift,