I've got something to show you.

大家下午好

(Laughter)

我有些東西想展示給大家

Think about this as a pixel, a flying pixel.

（笑聲）

This is what we call, in our lab, sensible design.

把它想像成一個像飛行的素點

Let me tell you a bit about it.

這就是在我們實驗室中被稱為感應器

Now if you take this picture -- I'm Italian originally,

我們來補充看點東西

and every boy in Italy grows up

現在我們來看這幅圖片 我是一名意大利人

with this picture on the wall of his bedroom --

每一個在意大利長大的孩子

but the reason I'm showing you this

都會有這樣一副圖在他們的床頭

is that something very interesting

但是今天我給你們看這幅畫的原因是

happened in Formula 1 racing

在其中有些很有意思的東西

over the past couple of decades.

在過去幾十年的

Now some time ago,

F1比賽中發生著

if you wanted to win a Formula 1 race,

假如你想要在

you take a budget, and you bet your budget

曾經的F1比賽中勝利

on a good driver and a good car.

你必須要有一筆預算費用，我打賭你的費用中

And if the car and the driver were good enough, then you'd win the race.

包括了一位好的賽手 一輛好的車

Now today, if you want to win the race,

假如的車和賽手足夠優秀，想必你可以贏下這次比賽

actually you need also something like this --

但是時至今日，假如你還想勝出

something that monitors the car in real time,

你就必須要這樣的裝備了

has a few thousand sensors

它用於實時監控賽車

collecting information from the car,

有著幾千個感測器

transmitting this information into the system,

用於收集從車上反饋的信息

and then processing it

並把這些信息導入電腦

and using it in order to go back to the car with decisions

經電腦處理后

and changing things in real time

用作決策信息

as information is collected.

根據收集的信息

This is what, in engineering terms,

實時改變賽車的一些東西

you would call a real time control system.

這在工程學里稱為

And basically, it's a system made of two components --

實時監控系統

a sensing and an actuating component.

基本上，這個系統是由兩個部份構成的

What is interesting today

一個感應器和一個反應器

is that real time control systems

在現在更有趣的是

are starting to enter into our lives.

實時監控系統

Our cities, over the past few years,

正在進入我們的日常生活

just have been blanketed

在過去幾年中

with networks, electronics.

電子網絡在城市中

They're becoming like computers in open air.

鋪設開來

And, as computers in open air,

他們正成為空氣中的電腦

they're starting to respond in a different way

就像空氣中的電腦一樣

to be able to be sensed and to be actuated.

他們正開始以不同的方式工作著

If we fix cities, actually it's a big deal.

去感應并做成相應的反饋

Just as an aside, I wanted to mention,

假如我們能改善城市 這是個大工程

cities are only two percent of the Earth's crust,

作為背景 我想提一下

but they are 50 percent of the world's population.

城市雖然在地球表面只占百分之2的面積

They are 75 percent of the energy consumption --

但是他們是世界人口的百分之50

up to 80 percent of CO2 emissions.

百分之75的能量消耗是在城市里德

So if we're able to do something with cities, that's a big deal.

並且導致百分之80的二氧化碳排放

Beyond cities,

所以我們假如能對城市做點什麽的話 這必定是件大事

all of this sensing and actuating

出來城市

is entering our everyday objects.

這些感應效應裝置

That's from an exhibition that

正在進入我們的每日生活

Paola Antonelli is organizing

這來自于一個展覽

at MoMA later this year, during the summer.

Paola Antonelli正在MoMA

It's called "Talk to Me."

在今夏舉行的MoMA(現代藝術博物館)上展出

Well our objects, our environment

它叫做“告訴我”

is starting to talk back to us.

我們的物品環境

In a certain sense, it's almost as if every atom out there

正要開始與我們對話

were becoming both a sensor and an actuator.

在某種意義上 幾乎每個在環境中的分子

And that is radically changing the interaction we have as humans

將要成為一個感應器和效應器

with the environment out there.

那麼將會從根本上改變人與環境

In a certain sense,

之間的關係

it's almost as if the old dream of Michelangelo ...

某種角度上

you know, when Michelangelo sculpted the Moses,

他幾乎就是米開朗基羅的夢想

at the end it said that he took the hammer, threw it at the Moses --

我們是知道 黨米開朗基羅雕刻摩西是

actually you can still see a small chip underneath --

據說在最後他把自己的錘子丟向了摩西

and said, shouted,

的確你也可以看到在底部的一小個缺口

"Perché non parli? Why don't you talk?"

并咆哮到

Well today, for the first time,

“你爲什麽不說話（意大利語），你爲什麽不說話（英語）”

our environment is starting to talk back to us.

到了今天 終於有了第一次

And I'll show just a few examples --

我們的環境開始與我們交流了

again, with this idea of sensing our environment and actuating it.

我將向你們展示幾個例子

Let's starting with sensing.

再一次，用到我們感應環境后效應的思想

Well, the first project I wanted to share with you

我們先從感應開始

is actually one of the first projects by our lab.

第一個我想與你們分享的是

It was four and a half years ago in Italy.

我們實驗室做的一次實驗

And what we did there

實驗進行是在四年半前的意大利

was actually use a new type of network at the time

我們當時用了一種

that had been deployed all across the world --

新的網絡 手機網絡

that's a cellphone network --

雖然現在手機網絡

and use anonymous and aggregated information from that network,

已經在全世界普及了

that's collected anyway by the operator,

我們當時用匿名的方式從這個網絡裏面獲取信息

in order to understand

信息當然是由服務商搜集的

how the city works.

爲了瞭解

The summer was a lucky summer -- 2006.

城市是怎樣工作的

It's when Italy won the soccer World Cup.

2006年的夏天是個幸運的夏天

Some of you might remember, it was Italy and France playing,

那個夏天意大利贏得了世界冠軍

and then Zidane at the end, the headbutt.

可能你們還記得 是法國和意大利的對局

And anyway, Italy won at the end.

在最後齊達內用頭撞了人

(Laughter)

但是無論如何意大利贏了

Now look at what happened that day

（笑聲）

just by monitoring activity

現在我們就用監控信息

happening on the network.

來看看那天在手機網絡上

Here you see the city.

發生了什麽

You see the Colosseum in the middle,

現在你可以看到這種城市

the river Tiber.

可以看到中間的是羅馬競技場

It's morning, before the match.

台伯河

You see the timeline on the top.

現在是早上 比賽之前

Early afternoon,

你可以在上方看到時間軸

people here and there,

剛過中文

making calls and moving.

隨處的人

The match begins -- silence.

再打電話到處移動

France scores. Italy scores.

比賽開始了 一片寂靜

Halftime, people make a quick call and go to the bathroom.

法國隊進球 意大利進球

Second half. End of normal time.

半場，人們趕快打了個電話去洗了澡

First overtime, second.

下半場 常規賽結束

Zidane, the headbutt in a moment.

加時賽上半場 下半場

Italy wins. Yeah.

齊達內用頭撞人的一瞬間

(Laughter)

意大利贏了

(Applause)

（笑聲）

Well, that night, everybody went to celebrate in the center.

（掌聲）

You saw the big peak.

當晚 每個人都到市中心慶祝

The following day, again everybody went to the center

我可以看到一個大高峰

to meet the winning team

之後那天 每個人都去到市中心

and the prime minister at the time.

迎接勝利歸來的球隊

And then everybody moved down.

和首相

You see the image of the place called Circo Massimo,

之後每個人都開始狂歡

where, since Roman times, people go to celebrate,

你可以看到羅馬賽馬場的圖像

to have a big party, and you see the peak at the end of the day.

從羅馬時代開始 人們就開始去那裡慶祝

Well, that's just one example of how we can sense the city today

開大派對 你可以在今天的最後看到最高峰

in a way that we couldn't have done

好了 這就是我們今天如何感應的一種方法

just a few years ago.

在幾年前我們

Another quick example about sensing:

是無法做到的

it's not about people,

另外一個有關感應的小例子

but about things we use and consume.

並不是涉及到人的

Well today, we know everything

而是我們使用的物件

about where our objects come from.

在當下 我們是知道

This is a map that shows you

每個東西是從哪裡來的

all the chips that form a Mac computer, how they came together.

這個地圖向你展示

But we know very little about where things go.

一個iMac中的所有部件是從那裡來的如何組合在一起的

So in this project,

但是我們對它們在之後去了哪裡瞭解的甚少

we actually developed some small tags

所以在這次的項目中

to track trash as it moves through the system.

我們做了一些小部件

So we actually started with a number of volunteers

去追蹤它們的軌跡

who helped us in Seattle,

所以我們一年前便開始找志願者

just over a year ago,

在西雅圖找能幫助我們

to tag what they were throwing away --

的志願者

different types of things, as you can see here --

把他們要丟的東西裝上我們的小部件

things they would throw away anyway.

你可以看到 有很多東西

Then we put a little chip, little tag,

但是都是些你會丟掉的東西

onto the trash

然後我們就把我們的小部件

and then started following it.

裝到垃圾上

Here are the results we just obtained.

然後就可以開始跟蹤它了

(Music)

這是我們拿到的結果

From Seattle ...

（♪）

after one week.

從西雅圖開始

With this information we realized

一星期后

there's a lot of inefficiencies in the system.

有了這些信息我們可以發現

We can actually do the same thing with much less energy.

在我們配送垃圾的系統中有很多地方很不效率

This data was not available before.

我們可以作同樣的事用更少的能量

But there's a lot of wasted transportation and convoluted things happening.

這樣一份資料在以前是無法得到的

But the other thing is that we believe

很多不必要的運輸正在發生

that if we see every day

有這樣一個事實

that the cup we're throwing away, it doesn't disappear,

是我們丟掉的杯子

it's still somewhere on the planet.

並不會消失

And the plastic bottle we're throwing away every day still stays there.

而是會仍然在地球的某個地方

And if we show that to people,

我們丟掉的塑料杯每天都還是會在那裡的

then we can also promote some behavioral change.

假如我們把這些東西展現給大家看

So that was the reason for the project.

我們就能夠推動某些行為的改變

My colleague at MIT, Assaf Biderman,

我們做這項計劃是很原因的

he could tell you much more about sensing

我在MIT的同時Assaf Biderman

and many other wonderful things we can do with sensing,

他可以向你們展示更懂有關感應器的東西

but I wanted to go to the second part we discussed at the beginning,

還有一些更奇妙的東西 我們通過感應能學到的

and that's actuating our environment.

但是我想開始一開始提出來的一個話題

And the first project

那就是環境效應器

is something we did a couple of years ago in Zaragoza, Spain.

我們的第一個項目是

It started with a question by the mayor of the city,

在幾年前我們在西班牙Zaragoza

who came to us saying

這次項目是從市長的一個問題開始的

that Spain and Southern Europe have a beautiful tradition

他有天對我們說

of using water in public space, in architecture.

西班牙 南歐有一個很美麗的

And the question was: How could technology, new technology,

在建築物里用到水的傳統

be added to that?

他的問題是 如何把

And one of the ideas that was developed at MIT in a workshop

新科技加入其中

was, imagine this pipe, and you've got valves,

於是有這樣一個想法在MIT的一個工作室里誕生了

solenoid valves, taps,

想像這是一個管子 你還有一個閥門

opening and closing.

螺旋閥門

You create like a water curtain with pixels made of water.

打開 關閉

If those pixels fall,

用水形成的圖素你就可以做出一個水簾出來

you can write on it,

這些圖素掉下來時

you can show patterns, images, text.

我可以在修飾一下他

And even you can approach it, and it will open up

你就可以看到一些圖像 文字了

to let you jump through,

你甚至可以靠近它 它就會停下來

as you see in this image.

讓你跳過去

Well, we presented this to Mayor Belloch.

在圖片中你可以看到

He liked it very much.

當我們把這個給市長看時

And we got a commission to design a building

他很喜歡

at the entrance of the expo.

之後我們便接下了要在世博園入口

We called it Digital Water Pavilion.

設計一個建築的單子

The whole building is made of water.

我們把這個項目叫做數字水館

There's no doors or windows,

整個建築都是用水做的

but when you approach it,

沒有門窗

it will open up to let you in.

只要你一接近

(Music)

它就會打開讓你進去

The roof also is covered with water.

（♪）

And if there's a bit of wind,

天頂也是被水包裹著的

if you want to minimize splashing, you can actually lower the roof.

假如有風

Or you could close the building,

想減少水的濺射 你可以減低屋頂

and the whole architecture will disappear,

或者關閉建築物

like in this case.

就像這樣整個建築物

You know, these days, you always get images during the winter,

都會消失

when they take the roof down,

在那個冬天你總會看到這樣的圖像

of people who have been there and said, "They demolished the building."

黨天頂降下來時

No, they didn't demolish it, just when it goes down,

到那裡的人們會說 他們把這個建築拆了

the architecture almost disappears.

但是他們並沒有拆而是降下時

Here's the building working.

整個建築消失了而已

You see the person puzzled about what was going on inside.

這就是建築物

And here was myself trying not to get wet,

你可以看到人們被裏面發生的事驚訝到的表情

testing the sensors that open the water.

然後這是我自己在測試感應器

Well, I should tell you now what happened one night

看看會不會淋濕

when all of the sensors stopped working.

但是 我想告訴你們有一天晚上發生的事情

But actually that night, it was even more fun.

那天所有的感應器停止了工作

All the kids from Zaragoza came to the building,

但是那天晚上卻更有趣了

because the way of engaging with the building became something different.

好多來自Zaragoza 的小孩來到了展館

Not anymore a building that would open up to let you in,

因為進入建築變難了

but a building that would still make cuts and holes through the water,

並不是你靠近就會讓你進去

and you had to jump without getting wet.

而是建築物會在水簾上留有空間

(Video) (Crowd Noise)

你不淋濕可以從當中跳過去

And that was, for us, was very interesting,

（視頻 人群聲）

because, as architects, as engineers, as designers,

這對我們來說是一件很有趣的事情

we always think about how people will use the things we design.

因為作為一個建築者工程師設計師

But then reality's always unpredictable.

我們總會想人們會用我們設計的東西

And that's the beauty of doing things

但是現實總是無法預測的

that are used and interact with people.

這就是做這個行當美麗的地方

Here is an image then of the building

也是它吸引人的地方

with the physical pixels, the pixels made of water,

這是當時建築的照片

and then projections on them.

由水這個實像素組成的

And this is what led us to think about

然後投影到上面的

the following project I'll show you now.

這就讓我們想到了

That's, imagine those pixels could actually start flying.

接下來我想你們展示的項目

Imagine you could have small helicopters

來想像這些像素點開始飛行

that move in the air,

想像他們是一架一架的小直升機

and then each of them with a small pixel in changing lights --

在空中運動

almost as a cloud that can move in space.

然後每個像素點都在變色

Here is the video.

就像在天空動的云一樣

(Music)

這是一視頻

So imagine one helicopter,

（♪）

like the one we saw before,

我們來想像一架直升機

moving with others,

就像我們之前見過的一樣

in synchrony.

與其他的直升機

So you can have this cloud.

一起動

You can have a kind of flexible screen or display, like this --

然後我們就可以得到這樣的一朵雲

a regular configuration in two dimensions.

我們有一個跟動態的畫面 像這樣

Or in regular, but in three dimensions,

一個簡單的2D圖像

where the thing that changes is the light,

一個簡單的3D圖像

not the pixels' position.

現在在改變的東西是光