The world's largest and most devastating environmental and industrial project

世界上最具規模和毀滅性的

is situated in the heart of the largest and most intact forest in the world,

環境與工業工程計劃

Canada's boreal forest.

正坐落於世上最大

It stretches right across Northern Canada, in Labrador,

保護最完整的森林中心，

it's home to the largest remaining wild caribou herd in the world:

加拿大的北方針葉林。

the George River caribou herd,

它橫跨加拿大北方地區， 在拉布拉多省（Labrador），

numbering approximately 400,000 animals.

是世界上現存最大的野生馴鹿群

Unfortunately, when I was there, I couldn't find one of them,

喬治河馴鹿群的家園，

but you have the antlers as proof.

總計大約有四十萬隻馴鹿。

All across the boreal,

遺憾的是，當我在那兒時，一隻都看不到，

we're blessed with this incredible abundance of wetlands.

但你們看，有鹿角為證。

Wetlands, globally, are one of the most endangered ecosystems.

整片針葉林裡，我們擁有

They're absolutely critical ecosystems,

極為豐富的濕地資源。

they clean air, they clean water,

濕地是地球上 最瀕危的生態系統之一，

they sequester large amounts of greenhouse gases,

它們毫無疑問是關鍵的生態系統，

and they're home to a huge diversity of species.

它們清潔空氣，淨化水源，

In the boreal, they are also the home

它們吸收大量的溫室氣體，

where almost 50 percent of the 800 bird species found in North America

它們也是擁有大片生物多樣性的家園。

migrate north to breed and raise their young.

在針葉林裡頭，濕地也是近一半北美洲的

In Ontario, the boreal marches down south to the north shore of Lake Superior.

八百種鳥類動物的家，

And these incredibly beautiful boreal forests

這些鳥類爲了繁殖，向北美大陸 的北邊遷徙，餵養幼鳥。

were the inspiration for some of the most famous art in Canadian history,

在安大略省（Ontario），針葉林向南延伸

the Group of Seven were very inspired by this landscape,

直到蘇比利爾湖（Lake Superior）的北岸，

and so the boreal is not just a really key part of our natural heritage,

這些極其美麗的針葉林

but also an important part of our cultural heritage.

是加拿大歷史上很多著名藝術

In Manitoba, this is an image from the east side of Lake Winnipeg,

的創作靈感發源地，這片風景

and this is the home of the newly designated UNESCO Cultural Heritage site.

就曾深深鼓舞了七人畫派（ Group of Seven）。

In Saskatchewan, as across all of the boreal,

所以針葉林不單單是

home to some of our most famous rivers,

我們自然遺產重要的一部份，

an incredible network of rivers and lakes that every school-age child learns about,

它也是我們文化遺產的關鍵之一。

the Peace, the Athabasca, the Churchill here, the Mackenzie,

這是一張在馬尼托巴省（Manitoba） 溫尼伯湖（Lake Winnipeg）東邊的照片，

and these networks were the historical routes

這也是聯合國教科文組織最新指定的

for the voyageur and the coureur de bois,

文化遺址所在地。

the first non-aboriginal explorers of Northern Canada

在薩斯喀徹溫省（Saskatchewan），與針葉林裡一樣，

that, taking from the First Nations people,

是若干我們最熟知的河流發源地，

used canoes and paddled to explore

這是一個絕佳的、交織了河流和湖泊的網絡，

for a trade route, a Northwest Passage for the fur trade.

也是每一個學齡兒童所熟知的

In the North, the boreal is bordered by the tundra,

和平河、阿薩巴斯卡河、邱吉爾河與馬更些河，

and just below that, in Yukon,

這些網絡是過去歷史中

we have this incredible valley, the Tombstone Valley.

船夫和樵夫的必經之路。

And the Tombstone Valley is home to the Porcupine caribou herd.

它們是第一個北加拿大非原住民探險家，

Now you've probably heard about the Porcupine caribou herd

在原住民的幫助之下，

in the context of its breeding ground in Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.

用獨木舟划槳發現的 一個交易通道，

Well, the wintering ground is also critical

這是一個皮毛交易的西北通道。

and it also is not protected,

在北邊，針葉林與苔原接壤，

and is potentially, could be potentially, exploited for gas and mineral rights.

在它下面一點，在育空地區（Yukon），

The western border of the boreal in British Columbia

我們有如此令人屏息的山谷， 墓碑谷（Tombstone Valle）。

is marked by the Coast Mountains,

墓碑谷是豪豬馴鹿（Porcupine caribou）群的居住地。

and on the other side of those mountains

現在，你可能聽說過豪豬馴鹿群，

is the greatest remaining temperate rainforest in the world,

將北極國家野生動物保護區

the Great Bear Rainforest,

做為繁殖的地方。

and we'll discuss that in a few minutes in a bit more detail.

嗯，越冬地也是很關鍵的，

All across the boreal,

它也沒有受到保護，

it's home for a huge incredible range of indigenous peoples,

很有可能會被用來

and a rich and varied culture.

開發天然氣和礦物。

And I think that one of the reasons

在不列顛哥倫比亞省（British Columbia）的西部邊界，

why so many of these groups have retained a link to the past,

以其海岸山脈最為著名，

know their native languages,

而在那些山脈的另外一邊

the songs, the dances, the traditions,

是世上最大溫帶雨林，

I think part of that reason is because of the remoteness,

大熊雨林，

the span and the wilderness

這個部分我們等會兒會詳細討論。

of this almost 95 percent intact ecosystem.

在整片針葉林裡，

And I think particularly now,

住著許許多多的原住民，

as we see ourselves in a time of environmental crisis,

蘊含多種不同的豐富文化。

we can learn so much from these people

我認為

who have lived so sustainably in this ecosystem

許多族群還保留著其與過去的聯繫

for over 10,000 years.

了解他們的母語、

In the heart of this ecosystem is the very antithesis

歌曲、舞蹈、和傳統的原因是，

of all of these values that we've been talking about,

在我看來，有部份是因為這裡地處偏遠，

and I think these are some of the core values

以及幅員廣大

that make us proud to be Canadians.

近 95% 保持完好的生態系統。

This is the Alberta tar sands,

我覺得，特別是現在，

the largest oil reserves on the planet outside of Saudi Arabia.

我們已知身處環境危機中，

Trapped underneath the boreal forest and wetlands of northern Alberta

我們能從在這個生態系統中

are these vast reserves of this sticky, tar-like bitumen.

居住了上萬年之久的

And the mining and the exploitation of that

居民身上學到很多。

is creating devastation on a scale that the planet has never seen before.

在這個生態系統的正中心 你可以看到

I want to try to convey some sort of a sense of the size of this.

和我們所談的價植觀對立的畫面。

If you look at that truck there,

而我認為這些價值

it is the largest truck of its kind on the planet.

正是讓我們加拿大人 引以為傲的核心價值。

It is a 400-ton-capacity dump truck

這是亞伯達省（Alberta）焦油沙，

and its dimensions are 45 feet long by 35 feet wide and 25 feet high.

它是在沙烏地阿拉伯外

If I stand beside that truck,

世上最大的石油資源。

my head comes to around the bottom of the yellow part of that hubcap.

被困鎖在針葉林

Within the dimensions of that truck,

和北亞伯達省的濕地之下的是

you could build a 3,000-square-foot two-story home quite easily.

這一大片又黏、焦油狀的瀝青，

I did the math.

對它的開採、開發

So instead of thinking of that as a truck, think of that as a 3,000-square-foot home.

將造成這個星球從未見過的大規模毀害。

That's not a bad size home.

我試著說明這個破壞的規模，

And line those trucks / homes back and forth

如果你看看在那兒的卡車，

across there from the bottom all the way to the top.

它是世上這類卡車中最大的，

And then think of how large that very small section of one mine is.

這是可以受重四百噸的自卸車，

Now, you can apply that same kind of thinking here as well.

它的尺寸有 45 英尺長，

Now, here you see -- of course, as you go further on,

35 英尺寬，25 英尺高，

these trucks become like a pixel.

如果我站在那輛卡車旁邊，

Again, imagine those all back and forth there.

我的頭大概只到

How large is that one portion of a mine?

黃色輪轂罩底部的位置。

That would be a huge, vast metropolitan area,

以那個卡車的尺寸，

probably much larger than the city of Victoria.

你可以輕易地蓋一棟兩層 總面積三千平方英尺的房子，

And this is just one of a number of mines,

我計算過了。

10 mines so far right now.

所以與其把它想成是一輛卡車，

This is one section of one mining complex,

不如把它看作是一棟 三千平方英尺的房子，

and there are about another 40 or 50 in the approval process.

這個房子可不小，

No tar sands mine has actually ever been denied approval,

把那些卡車或房子來來回回地

so it is essentially a rubber stamp.

排成排，從最下面開始

The other method of extraction is what's called the in situ.

一路排到最上面，

And here, massive amounts of water

然後設想一下這礦井裡的 一小部份是涵蓋了多大的面積。

are superheated and pumped through the ground,

現在，你也可以把同樣的思維方式

through these vasts networks of pipelines,

套用在這上面。

seismic lines, drill paths, compressor stations.

這裡，你可以看到——當然，你越向遠處看，

And even though this looks maybe not quite as repugnant as the mines,

這些卡車就越像一個個像素。

it's even more damaging in some ways.

再一次，假設那些卡車在那兒來來去去。

It impacts and fragments a larger part of the wilderness,

這個礦井的一部份會有多大？

where there is 90 percent reduction of key species,

那會是一個巨大的、廣闊的大都市地區，

like woodland caribou and grizzly bears,

可能比維多利亞市（Victoria）還要大很多，

and it consumes even more energy, more water,

而這只是許多礦井中的一個。

and produces at least as much greenhouse gas.

迄今為止，這裡有十個礦井，

So these in situ developments are at least as ecologically damaging as the mines.

這是一個礦井的一部份，

The oil produced from either method

另外還有四十或五十個礦井 正等著批准動工。

produces more greenhouse gas emissions than any other oil.

事實上，焦油砂礦的開採計劃 從來沒有被拒絕批准過，

This is one of the reasons why it's called the world's dirtiest oil.

所以基本上這個審批過程 只是做做樣子而已。

It's also one of the reasons

另一種採礦方法稱為原位法，

why it is the largest and fastest-growing single source of carbon in Canada,

在這裡，大量的水被高溫加熱，

and it is also a reason why Canada is now number three

經由這些管線、震測線、鑽取路線和壓縮站

in terms of producing carbon per person.

所組成的廣大網絡

The tailings ponds are the largest toxic impoundments on the planet.

從地底下抽取出來，

Oil sands -- or rather, I should say tar sands --

雖然這看起來不像礦坑那麼令人厭惡，

oil sands is a PR-created term

但在某些方面，它更具有破壞性。

so that the oil companies wouldn't be trying to promote something

它不但衝擊、拆碎這片荒野，

that sounds like a sticky tar-like substance that's the world's dirtiest oil.

使林地馴鹿和灰熊 這些關鍵物種

So they decided to call it oil sands.

少了九成，

The tar sands consume more water than any other oil process,

而且，這會消耗更多能源，更多水資源，

three to five barrels of water are taken, polluted

同時製造許多的溫室氣體。

and then returned into tailings ponds,

所以原位法的開發方式

the largest toxic impoundments on the planet.

和礦井一樣，都會破壞生態。

SemCrude, just one of the licensees, in just one of their tailings ponds,

無論是由這兩種方法中 哪一種所生產出來的石油

dumps 250,000 tons of this toxic gunk every single day.

都會比其它的油 排放更多的溫室氣體，

That's creating the largest toxic impoundments in the history of the planet.

這就是為什麼

So far, this is enough toxin to cover the face of Lake Erie a foot deep.

石油會被叫作世上 最髒的油的原因之一，

And the tailings ponds range in size up to 9,000 acres.

這也是爲什麽

That's two-thirds the size of the entire island of Manhattan.

石油是加拿大 最大也增長最快的碳排放來源

That's like from Wall Street at the southern edge of Manhattan

的原因之一。

up to maybe 120th Street.

這也是為什麼加拿大的

So this is one of the larger tailings ponds.

人均碳排放量排名世界第三的原因。

This might be, what? I don't know, half the size of Manhattan.

殘渣池是地球上最大的有毒蓄水池，

And you can see in the context,

油沙，又稱瀝青砂，

it's just a relatively small section of one of 10 mining complexes

「油砂」一詞為波多黎各所創的詞，

and another 40 to 50 on stream to be approved soon.

這可以讓石油公司不用試著去推銷

And of course, these tailings ponds --

像瀝青一樣黏稠的東西，

well, you can't see many ponds from outer space

那是世界上最髒的油，

and you can see these, so maybe we should stop calling them ponds --

所以他們決定稱之為油砂。

these massive toxic wastelands are built

焦油沙的生產過程比其他油還要耗水。

unlined and on the banks of the Athabasca River.

這個過程要耗三到五桶的水，

And the Athabasca River drains downstream to a range of aboriginal communities.

被汙染過後的水再流回殘渣池，

In Fort Chipewyan, the 800 people there, are finding toxins in the food chain,

也就是地球上最大的有毒蓄水池。

this has been scientifically proven.

SemCrude 是其中一家領有許可證的公司，

The tar sands toxins are in the food chain,

單單一個殘渣池

and this is causing cancer rates up to 10 times

每天就倒入二十五萬噸的有毒物質，

what they are in the rest of Canada.

就這樣產生了史上

In spite of that, people have to live, have to eat this food in order to survive.

最大的有毒蓄水池，

The incredibly high price of flying food

到目前為止，它的毒素

into these remote Northern aboriginal communities

足以覆蓋伊利湖（Lake Eerie）表面一英尺深，

and the high rate of unemployment

而且這些殘渣池的面積高達九千英畝之大，

makes this an absolute necessity for survival.

這相當於三分之二個曼哈頓島，

And not that many years ago, I was lent a boat by a First Nations man,

就像是從曼哈頓南端的華爾街

and he said, "When you go out on the river,

到 120 街的大約距離。

do not under any circumstances eat the fish.

所以這絕對是——

It's carcinogenic."

這是其中一個較大的殘渣池，

And yet, on the front porch of that man's cabin,

這也許是半個曼哈頓島大吧，我也不太清楚，

I saw four fish.

你可以在前面的內容中看到

He had to feed his family to survive.

這僅是十個礦井中的

And as a parent, I just can't imagine what that does to your soul.

冰山一角而已，

And that's what we're doing.

還有其他四五十個即將投入生產。

The boreal forest is also perhaps our best defense

可以肯定的是，這些殘渣池——

against global warming and climate change.

嗯，你是無法從外太空看到有多少池子，

The boreal forest sequesters more carbon than any other terrestrial ecosystem.

但是你可以看得到這些池子， 也許我們不該再稱它們池子了——

And this is absolutely key.

這些廣大且錯綜的有毒濕地 未經防護阻隔，

So what we're doing is,

遍布於阿薩巴斯卡河邊，

we're taking the most concentrated greenhouse gas sink --

而阿薩巴斯卡河水流向下游

twice as much greenhouse gases are sequestered

流到原住民居住的社區。

in the boreal per acre than the tropical rainforests.

在奇標揚堡（Fort Chippewa）那兒有八百人

And what we're doing is we're destroying

在食物鏈裡發現毒素，

this carbon sink, turning it into a carbon bomb.

這已經獲得科學證實了。

And we're replacing that with the largest industrial project

焦油沙的毒素已經進入食物鏈，

in the history of the world,

這會讓他們比其他加拿大人

which is producing the most high-carbon greenhouse-gas emitting oil in the world.

擁有高出十倍的罹患癌症的比率。

And we're doing this on the second largest oil reserves on the planet.

即便如此，人們還是必須生活，

This is one of the reasons why Canada, originally a climate change hero --

必須吃這些食物維生。

we were one of the first signatories of the Kyoto Accord.

高成本的空運食物

Now we're the country that has full-time lobbyists

運到偏遠的原住民社區，

in the European Union and Washington DC,

和高失業率

threatening trade wars

使得這些有毒的食物 成為必要的生存所需。

when these countries talk about wanting to bring in positive legislation

幾年前，一位原住民男子借我一艘船

to limit the import of high-carbon fuels,

他說：「划船出去時，

of greenhouse gas emissions, anything like this,

不管在任何情況下，都不要吃魚

at international conferences, whether they're in Copenhagen or Cancun,

這魚含有致癌物質。」

international conferences on climate change,

然而，在那男子住處的門廊，

we're the country that gets the dinosaur award every single day,

我看到四條魚，他必須養活一家。

as being the biggest obstacle to progress on this issue.

身為父親的我，無法想像這情形 對你心靈會造成什麼影響，

Just 70 miles downstream

這就是我們幹的好事。

is the world's largest freshwater delta, the Peace-Athabasca Delta,

針葉林或許也是

the only one at the juncture of all four migratory flyways.

我們對抗全球暖化以及氣候變遷的最佳防禦。

This is a globally significant wetland, perhaps the greatest on the planet.

比起其他的陸地生態系統，

Incredible habitat for half the bird species

針葉林還能吸附更多碳，

you find in North America, migrating here.

因此針葉林非常重要。

And also the last refuge for the largest herd of wild bison,

所以我們所做的是

and also, of course, critical habitat for another whole range of other species.

讓最集中的溫室氣體降低

But it too is being threatened

針葉林每英畝所吸收的溫室氣體

by the massive amount of water being drawn from the Athabasca,

是熱帶雨林的兩倍。

which feeds these wetlands,

而我們現在所做的是

and also the incredible toxic burden

破壞碳匯，讓碳匯變成碳炸彈。

of the largest toxic unlined impoundments on the planet,

我們把它變成

which are leaching in to the food chain for all the species downstream.

世界史上最大的工業工程，

So as bad as all that is, things are going to get much worse -- much, much worse.

這工程正在製造最多碳排放

This is the infrastructure as we see it about now.

以及最多溫室氣體的油。

This is what's planned for 2015.

而我們在世上第二大的

And you can see here the Keystone Pipeline,

儲油地做這事。

which would take tar sands raw down to the Gulf Coast,

這就是加拿大這個原本的氣候英雄