Like most journalists, I'm an idealist.

像大部分記者一樣，我是位理想主義者

I love unearthing good stories, especially untold stories.

我熱愛挖掘好的故事，特別是那些不被傳述的

I just didn't think that in 2011,

我從來沒想過，到 2011 年時

women would still be in that category.

女性的故事依然會被看做是不用傳述的

I'm the President of the Journalism and Women Symposium -- JAWS.

我是女性與新聞座談會的主席

That's Sharky.

座談會簡稱鯊魚會（JAWS） （笑聲）

(Laughter)

十年前我因為想找尋女性典範而加入此會議

I joined 10 years ago because I wanted female role models,

而我卻因為女性在這專業領域中落後的狀態

and I was frustrated by the lagging status of women in our profession

和在媒體中所投射出的形象而感到失望

and what that meant for our image in the media.

和在媒體中所投射出的形象而感到失望

We make up half the population of the world,

我們占全球人口總數的一半

but we're just 24 percent of the news subjects

但在所有的新聞主題中

quoted in news stories.

我們只在其中的 24% 被提及

And we're just 20 percent of the experts quoted in stories.

也只有 20% 的女性專家會在新聞中被引述

And now, with today's technology,

現在，隨著當今的科技

it's possible to remove women from the picture completely.

是有辦法完全將女性從照片中去除的

This is a picture of President Barack Obama and his advisors,

這是總統歐巴馬的一張照片

tracking the killing of Osama bin Laden.

他和他的顧問團正關注者獵殺奧薩瑪賓拉登的行動

You can see Hillary Clinton on the right.

你能看見希拉蕊柯林頓在右邊

Let's see how the photo ran

我們來看看這張照片

in an Orthodox Jewish newspaper based in Brooklyn.

是如何被刊登在布魯克林的保守猶太報紙上

Hillary's completely gone.

希拉蕊完全消失了（笑聲）

(Laughter)

報社道歉了，卻說

The paper apologized, but said it never runs photos of women;

它們從不刊登女性的照片

they might be sexually provocative.

因為這可能引起性挑逗（笑聲）

(Laughter)

這是極端的例子沒錯，但是事實是

This is an extreme case, yes.

當遇到政治相關的新聞時

But the fact is,

女性只占新聞來源的 19%

women are only 19 percent of the sources in stories on politics,

和經濟新聞中的 20%

and only 20 percent in stories on the economy.

新聞持續地給我們一種

The news continues to give us a picture

"男性在各項工作的人數都超過女性"的印象

where men outnumber women

除了這兩個：學生、家庭主婦（笑聲）

in nearly all occupational categories, except two:

所以我們看到的是非常扭曲現實的景象

students and homemakers.

問題在於，當然

(Laughter)

新聞媒體產業裡的女性不夠多

So we all get a very distorted picture of reality.

她們只在報章電視中報導 37% 的新聞

The problem is, of course, there aren't enough women in newsrooms.

她們只在報章電視中報導 37% 的新聞

They report at just 37 percent of stories in print, TV and radio.

就算在那些性別暴力中的報導

Even in stories on gender-based violence,

男性記者在版面和播報時間上

men get an overwhelming majority of print space and airtime.

得到了壓倒性的多數

Case in point:

例如

This March, the New York Times ran a story by James McKinley

今年三月《紐約時報》刊登了一則 由 James McKlinley 報導的故事

about a gang rape of a young girl,

有關一個在德州小鎮的幫派

11 years old, in a small Texas town.

強暴了一位十一歲大的女孩

McKinley writes that the community is wondering,

McKinley 寫出那個社區的困惑

"How could their boys have been drawn into this?"

「他們的男孩怎麼會被扯進這種事?」

"Drawn into this" --

"被扯進"

like they were seduced into committing an act of violence.

好像他們是被引誘以致犯下暴力罪行

And the first person he quotes says,

然後他引述的第一位受訪者說

"These boys will have to live with this the rest of their lives."

「這些男孩將一輩子得和這樣的陰影生存」

(Groans, laughter)

（觀眾反應）

You don't hear much about the 11-year-old victim,

你看不到太多有關十一歲受害者的報導

except that she wore clothes that were a little old for her

除了她穿得有點超齡

and she wore makeup.

和她當時有化妝

The Times was deluged with criticism.

《時報》後來被批評淹沒

Initially, it defended itself,

一開始《時報》為自己辯護，說「這不是我們的看法

and said, "These aren't our views.

這是我們在報導中找到的」

This is what we found in our reporting."

這或許是個你已經知道的祕密

Now, here's a secret you probably know already:

你看到的故事都是被架構好的

Your stories are constructed.

當一個記者，我們做研究、我們採訪

As reporters, we research, we interview.

我們試圖拼湊出事實的完整真相

We try to give a good picture of reality.

我們一樣會有自己不自覺的偏見

We also have our own unconscious biases.

但是《時報》讓這些聽起來

But The Times makes it sound like anyone would have reported this story

好似任何人來採訪都會得到相同的結果

the same way.

我並不苟同

I disagree with that.

所以三週後，《時報》重新訪查這個故事

So three weeks later,

這次除了 McKinley 外，署名的記者加了一個人

The Times revisits the story.

Erica Goode

This time, it adds another byline to it with McKinley's:

所浮現的是個實在悲慘、可怕的故事

Erica Goode.

小女孩和他的家人被貧窮所困

What emerges is a truly sad, horrific tale

她多次被不同男人強暴

of a young girl and her family trapped in poverty.

她以前一直是個開朗、隨和的女孩

She was raped numerous times by many men.

她生理上發育較早

She had been a bright, easygoing girl.

但她的床上仍佈滿許多動物玩偶

She was maturing quickly, physically,

這是全然不同的圖像

but her bed was still covered with stuffed animals.

或許是因為 Goode 小姐的加入

It's a very different picture.

才讓整個故事得以完整

Perhaps the addition of Ms. Goode is what made this story more complete.

全球媒體監督計畫發現

The Global Media Monitoring Project has found that stories by female reporters

女性撰寫的報導

are more likely to challenge stereotypes than those by male reporters.

比男性寫的更可能挑戰刻板印象

At KUNM here in Albuquerque,

在阿布奎基的 KUNM 電台

Elaine Baumgartel did some graduate research

Elaine Baumgartel 針對「女性與暴力」的報導 做了一些碩論研究

on the coverage of violence against women.

Elaine Baumgartel 針對「女性與暴力」的報導 做了一些碩論研究

What she found was many of these stories tend to blame victims

她發現許多這種故事報導

and devalue their lives.

都傾向去責怪受害者或去貶低她們的人生

They tend to sensationalize, and they lack context.

它們刻意使之聳動，也缺乏前因後果

So for her graduate work,

她在碩士論文中用三階段研究一位連續殺人魔

she did a three-part series on the murder of 11 women,

她在碩士論文中用三階段研究一位連續殺人魔

found buried on Albuquerque's West Mesa.

殺了十一位女性並將她們埋在阿布奎基的西區

She tried to challenge those patterns and stereotypes in her work

她試圖在研究中挑戰那些模式和刻板印象

and she tried to show the challenges that journalists face

並試圖展現記者面臨到的挑戰 不論是外在的消息來源

from external sources, their own internal biases

並試圖展現記者面臨到的挑戰 不論是外在的消息來源

and cultural norms.

或是自身內心的偏見，還有社會文化上的規範

And she worked with an editor at National Public Radio

她和國家公共廣播電台的一個編輯合作

to try to get a story aired nationally.

好讓故事在全國播送

She's not sure that would have happened if the editor had not been a female.

她不確定假使編輯不是女性

Stories in the news

整件事有沒有可能發生

are more than twice as likely to present women as victims than men,

相較於男性，新聞中把女性描繪為受害者是男性的兩倍

and women are more likely to be defined by their body parts.

相較於男性，新聞中把女性描繪為受害者是男性的兩倍

Wired magazine, November 2010.

而女性也更可能

Yes, the issue was about breast-tissue engineering.

因為身體部位而被物化

Now I know you're all distracted, so I'll take that off.

2010年十一月號的《Wired雜誌》

(Laughter)

該期雜誌是有關胸部拭紙巾的工業

Eyes up here.

好我知道你們都分心了，所以我要換張圖（笑聲）

(Laughter)

眼睛看過來（笑聲）

So --

所以（掌聲）

(Applause)

我要說的是

Here's the thing:

《Wired雜誌》幾乎不曾把女性放上封面

Wired almost never puts women on its cover.

噢，有過一些比較戲謔的

Oh, there have been some gimmicky ones --

美國影集《辦公室瘋雲》的 Pam

Pam from "The Office,"

漫畫女孩

manga girls,

身上貼滿合成鑽石的妖豔模特兒

a voluptuous model covered in synthetic diamonds.

德州州立大學教授 Cindy Royal 在網誌上提出質疑

Texas State University professor Cindy Royal wondered in her blog

那些年輕的女性，像是她的學生

how are young women like her students supposed to feel about their roles

在看《Wired雜誌》時 要怎麼看待自己在科技界所扮演的角色?

in technology, reading Wired.

《Wired雜誌》的編輯 Chris Anderson 為自己的選擇辯護

Chris Anderson, the editor of Wired, defended his choice

他說：「在科技界中沒有那麼多頂尖女性

and said there aren't enough women, prominent women

能夠擔綱封面，或讓該期雜誌熱銷」

in technology to sell a cover, to sell an issue.

這有一部份是真的

Part of that is true,

科技界中真的沒有那麼多突出的女性

there aren't as many prominent women in technology.

但我認為這說法有問題

Here's my problem with that argument:

媒體每天靠著他們選擇的故事，和刊登的位置 來告訴我們甚麼是重要的

Media tells us every day what's important,

媒體每天靠著他們選擇的故事，和刊登的位置 來告訴我們甚麼是重要的

by the stories they choose and where they place them;

這叫做「設定議題」

it's called agenda setting.

多少人在臉書和 Google 創辦人

How many people knew the founders of Facebook and Google

上雜誌封面前就認識他們

before their faces were on a magazine cover?

把他們放在那讓他們更具有知名度

Putting them there made them more recognizable.

如今，《Fast Company 雜誌》擁抱這個概念

Now, Fast Company Magazine embraces that idea.

這是2010年11月15日這期的封面

This is its cover from November 15, 2010.

這期雜誌是有關科技界中

The issue is about the most prominent and influential women in technology.

最有影響力的傑出女性

Editor Robert Safian told the Poynter Institute,

編輯 Robert Safian 跟 Poynter 機構說

"Silicon Valley is very white and very male.

「矽谷是白人和男人的世界

But that's not what Fast Company thinks

但是《Fast Company 雜誌》並不認為

the business world will look like in the future,

這會是矽谷未來的樣貌

so it tries to give a picture of where the globalized world is moving."

所以他們試圖描繪未來全球化下的趨勢」

By the way, apparently, Wired took all this to heart.

對了，顯然《Wired 雜誌》也虛心受教

This was its issue in April.

這是他們四月的雜誌（笑聲）

(Laughter)

這是 Adafruit 工業的創辦者 Limor Fried

That's Limor Fried, the founder of Adafruit Industries,

擺著經典的女子鉚釘工人姿勢

in the Rosie the Riveter pose.

若有更多女性在媒體的領導職位也會有所幫助

It would help to have more women in positions of leadership in media.

一項近期的全球調查發現

A recent global survey

在頂尖媒體行業中仍然有 73% 的管理職位

found that 73 percent of the top media-management jobs

是被男性占據

are still held by men.

但這也是有關一個更複雜的現象：

But this is also about something far more complex:

我們不自覺的偏見和盲點

our own unconscious biases and blind spots.

Shankar Vedantam 寫了《隱藏的大腦－

Shankar Vedantam is the author

我們的下意識如何選出總統、

of "The Hidden Brain: How Our Unconscious Minds Elect Presidents,

控制市場、挑起戰爭和救自己一命》一書

Control Markets, Wage Wars, and Save Our Lives."

他告訴一位前調查員

He told the former ombudsman at National Public Radio,

之前負責在國家公共廣播公司

who was doing a report on how women fare in NPR coverage,

調查女性在廣播中被報導的方式

unconscious bias flows throughout most of our lives.

看不自覺的偏見如何充斥著我們的人生

It's really difficult to disentangle those strands.

要解開那些思結是非常難的

But he did have one suggestion.

但他還是有一個建議

He used to work for two editors

他曾為兩個編輯工作

who said every story had to have at least one female source.

編輯們說「每個故事都該有個女性的觀點」

He balked at first,

他起初質疑，但最後欣然接受 因為他的報導變得更好

but said he eventually followed the directive happily,

他起初質疑，但最後欣然接受 因為他的報導變得更好

because his stories got better

而他的工作也變得更輕鬆

and his job got easier.

我並不知道是否兩位編輯中有一位是女性

Now, I don't know if one of the editors was a woman,

但是這也算很大的改變

but that can make the biggest difference.

《達拉斯早晨新聞》在1994 年贏得普立茲獎

The Dallas Morning News won a Pulitzer Prize in 1994

是由於一系列針對全球女性所做的報導

for a series it did on women around the world,

但其中一位記者告訴我

but one of the reporters told me

她深信如果不是因為一位外籍女性編輯助理 這一切報導不會發生

she's convinced it never would have happened

她深信如果不是因為一位外籍女性編輯助理 這一切報導不會發生

if they had not had a female assistant foreign editor,

如果不是因為一些當地的女性記者和編輯 他們也不會採訪到那些故事

and they would not have gotten some of those stories

如果不是因為一些當地的女性記者和編輯 他們也不會採訪到那些故事

without female reporters and editors on the ground,

特別是一篇有關女性生殖器切除的報導

particularly one on female genital mutilation --

男性根本不被允許進入那些場合

men would just not be allowed into those situations.

這是該深思的重點

This is an important point to consider,

因為我們當下許多的國外政策

because much of our foreign policy now revolves around countries

與許多女性是件議題的國家相關

where the treatment of women is an issue,

例如阿富汗

such as Afghanistan.

有人說反對離開阿富汗的一個原因

What we're told in terms of arguments against leaving this country

主要是為了當地女性的命運

is that the fate of the women is primary.

我確信男性記者能在喀布爾找到女性受訪者

Now, I'm sure a male reporter in Kabul can find women to interview.

但較鄉下和傳統的地區則非如此

Not so sure about rural, traditional areas,

我猜那裡的女性不會跟陌生男子講話

where I'm guessing women can't talk to strange men.

有鑑於 Lara Logan，持續討論這件事是很重要的

It's important to keep talking about this, in light of Lara Logan.

有鑑於 Lara Logan，持續討論這件事是很重要的

She was the CBS News correspondent

她是 CBS 新聞台的外派記者

who was brutally sexually assaulted in Egypt's Tahrir Square,

她在被拍完這張照片後沒多久

right after this photo was taken.

在埃及的 Tahrir 廣場被粗暴地性侵害

Almost immediately, pundits weighed in,

幾乎立刻地，權威人士們群起

blaming her and saying things like,

責怪她並說些話像是

"You know, maybe women shouldn't be sent to cover those stories."

「或許女性不該被送去報導這些故事」

I never heard anyone say this about Anderson Cooper and his crew,

我沒聽過有人對 Anderson Cooper 發表類似評論

who were attacked covering the same story.

他和工作人員在報導同樣故事時也被襲擊

One way to get more women into leadership

讓更多女性得到領導地位的方法

is to have other women mentor them.

是讓其它女性引導她們

One of my board members is an editor at a major global media company,

我們其中一位成員是個全球大媒體公司的編輯 但她之前從未想過做這個工作

but she never thought about this as a career path,

我們其中一位成員是個全球大媒體公司的編輯 但她之前從未想過做這個工作

until she met female role models at JAWS.

直到她在 JAWS 遇到了另一位女性典範

But this is not just a job for super-journalists

但這件事不是只屬於超級記者或我組織的工作

or my organization.

你們都在強而有力的媒體中占一席

You all have a stake in a strong, vibrant media.

你們都在強而有力的媒體中占一席

Analyze your news.

分析你看的新聞 並在新聞出現如《紐時報導》的缺失時發聲

And speak up when there are gaps missing in coverage,

分析你看的新聞 並在新聞出現如《紐時報導》的缺失時發聲

like people at The New York Times did.

向記者或編輯推薦女性消息來源

Suggest female sources to reporters and editors.

記住，一個完整事實的圖像

Remember -- a complete picture of reality may depend upon it.

或許就仰賴在這件事上

And I'll leave you with a video clip

最後我要放一段我在 1987 年 第一次看到的短片

that I first saw in [1987] when I was a student in London.

當時我在倫敦求學

It's for The Guardian newspaper.

這是《衛報》的廣告

It's actually long before I ever thought about becoming a journalist,

在我想當記者之前看的

but I was very interested in how we learn to perceive our world.

但我當時熱衷於研究

Narrator: An event seen from one point of view gives one impression.

我們如何感知我們的世界

Seen from another point of view,

旁白：從一個角度觀察到的事件

it gives quite a different impression.

會留下一種印象

But it's only when you get the whole picture,

從另一個角度觀察時

you can fully understand what's going on.

又會留下另一種頗不同的印象

[The Guardian]

但只有當你看到完整的事件時

Megan Kamerick: I think you'll all agree

你才會真的了解到事情的全貌

that we'd be better off if we all had the whole picture.

《衛報》