So when the White House was built

當白宮在19世紀初建成時

in the early 19th century, it was an open house.

它原本是個開放的建築

Neighbors came and went. Under President Adams,

鄰居來來去去。當時總統是約翰亞當斯

a local dentist happened by.

一個當地的牙醫來辦訪

He wanted to shake the President's hand.

他想要和總統握手

The President dismissed the Secretary of State,

總統打發了正在與他交談的國務卿

whom he was conferring with, and asked the dentist

然後轉身向牙醫詢問

if he would remove a tooth.

他是否能夠拔牙

Later, in the 1850s, under President Pierce,

然後，在1850年代，當時的總統皮爾斯

he was known to have remarked

他以曾說過的這句話著名

— probably the only thing he's known for —

－這或許是他唯一讓人留下印象的事－

when a neighbor passed by and said, "I'd love to see

一位經過的鄰居問他「我真想參觀這棟美麗的房子」

the beautiful house," and Pierce said to him,

然後皮爾斯回答

"Why my dear sir, of course you may come in.

「先生您何需問，你當然能夠進來

This isn't my house. It is the people's house."

這不是我的房子，這是人民的房子」

Well, when I got to the White House in the beginning

2009年初歐巴馬任期初始

of 2009, at the start of the Obama Administration,

我第一次踏入白宮

the White House was anything but open.

白宮一點也不開放

Bomb blast curtains covered my windows.

窗戶的窗簾是防爆窗簾

We were running Windows 2000.

電腦還在跑Windows 2000

Social media were blocked at the firewall.

社群媒體被拒於防火牆外

We didn't have a blog, let alone a dozen twitter accounts

我們沒有部落格，更別提能夠像今日一樣

like we have today.

有好幾個推特帳號

I came in to become the head of Open Government,

我當時主掌開放政府計畫

to take the values and the practices of transparency,

希望把透明化，參與，合作 等

participation and collaboration, and instill them

的價值與作法 導入

into the way that we work, to open up government,

我們的工作方式，開放政府

to work with people.

與人民共事

Now one of the things that we know

我們知道的一件事是

is that companies are very good at getting people to work

私人企業非常善於讓人們

together in teams and in networks to make

在團體、網路的環境下工作，讓人們能有辦法生產

very complex products, like cars and computers,

非常複雜的產品，像是車、電腦等

and the more complex the products are a society creates,

而一個社會所生產產品的複雜程度越高

the more successful the society is over time.

越能夠看出這個社會進化成功的程度

Companies make goods, but governments,

私人公司生產產品，ˊ而政府

they make public goods. They work on the cure for cancer

生產公共財，他們致力找到癌症療方

and educating our children and making roads,

和教育我們的小孩、或是鋪路

but we don't have institutions that are particularly good

但政府缺乏擅長應付

at this kind of complexity. We don't have institutions

這般的複雜度，我們缺乏那種機構

that are good at bringing our talents to bear,

能妥善匯聚我們的才能來做事

at working with us in this kind of open and collaborative way.

在這種開放、共同合作的方式下工作

So when we wanted to create our Open Government policy,

所以當我們想要創造我們自己的開放政府政策

what did we do? We wanted, naturally, to ask public sector

我們要怎麼做，當然，我們會詢問公共部門

employees how we should open up government.

問裏頭職員該怎麼樣讓政府更開放

Turns out that had never been done before.

結果發現這從來沒有先例

We wanted to ask members of the public to help us

我們想請大眾來幫我們

come up with a policy, not after the fact, commenting

找出新方法，而非做事後諸葛

on a rule after it's written, the way is typically the case,

事後才對既成規則批評，我們現在就是這樣。

but in advance. There was no legal precedent,

而是要在定新政策前就想清楚。此事（開放政府）在法律上

no cultural precedent, no technical way of doing this.

文化上俱無先例，在技術上也窒礙難行。

In fact, many people told us it was illegal.

事實上，很多人跟我們說這樣是非法的

Here's the crux of the obstacle.

這個障礙的癥結在

Governments exist to channel the flow of two things,

政府的存在，主要要處理兩件事：

really, values and expertise to and from government

把社會價值與專業能力導入與導出政府

and to and from citizens to the end of making decisions.

把來自公民的價值與專業導引到政府決策

But the way that our institutions are designed,

但我們政府今天的設計，反應自18世紀以來

in our rather 18th-century, centralized model,

集中中央的模式

is to channel the flow of values through voting,

藉投票來掌握民間價值

once every four years, once every two years, at best,

四年一次、兩年一次，最多

once a year. This is a rather anemic and thin way, in this

一年一次。在現今這種社群媒體的時代

era of social media, for us to actually express our values.

這種表達我們民眾價值的方法，非常貧乏而且薄弱

Today we have technology that lets us express ourselves

今日的科技可以讓我們隨時表達自我

a great deal, perhaps a little too much.

非常多的科技，或許還有點太多了

Then in the 19th century, we layer on

然而在19世紀，我們依賴執行公共事務的政府

the concept of bureaucracy and the administrative state

及官僚體系的概念

to help us govern complex and large societies.

來幫助我們治理複雜且龐大的社會

But we've centralized these bureaucracies.

但我們官僚體系都採中央集權制

We've entrenched them. And we know that

我們把他們和大眾分隔，而我們也知道

the smartest person always works for someone else.

最聰明的人總是替別人服務

We need to only look around this room to know that

我們只需要在這個廳內四處看看就看得出來

expertise and intelligence is widely distributed in society,

專家和智慧在這個社會到處都有

and not limited simply to our institutions.

不是僅僅存在於政府機構裡

Scientists have been studying in recent years

科學家們近年來在研究

the phenomenon that they often describe as flow,

他們常描述為「流動」的一個現象

that the design of our systems, whether natural or social,

就是我們系統的設計，不管是自然或是社會

channel the flow of whatever runs through them.

會引導所有經過系統的流動

So a river is designed to channel the flow of water,

所以河道設計來引導水流

and the lightning bolt that comes out of a cloud channels

透過雲端而來的閃電

the flow of electricity, and a leaf is designed to channel

引導電流 ，樹葉

the flow of nutrients to the tree,

引導養分進入樹幹

sometimes even having to route around an obstacle,

有些時候甚至必須繞過障礙

but to get that nutrition flowing.

只為了讓養分能夠流動

The same can be said for our social systems, for our

同樣的流動方式也可以用來描述我們的社會系統

systems of government, where, at the very least,

我們的政府系統。 這麼做，至少

flow offers us a helpful metaphor for understanding

流動是個有用的比喻可以幫助我們了解

what the problem is, what's really broken,

問題在哪裡、哪裡出了岔子

and the urgent need that we have, that we all feel today,

為什麼我們都覺得有迫切需要

to redesign the flow of our institutions.

重新設計政府機構的流動

We live in a Cambrian era of big data, of social networks,

現在是個資訊爆炸、社群網路蓬勃的時代

and we have this opportunity to redesign these institutions

我們有機會重新設計這些機構

that are actually quite recent.

這些都還不太老舊的機構

Think about it: What other business do you know,

想想:有哪些行業

what other sector of the economy, and especially one

或是經濟體中某些部門，特別是那些

as big as the public sector, that doesn't seek to reinvent

和政府機構一般龐大的部門，那個不

its business model on a regular basis?

經常重新改造自己的商業模式？

Sure, we invest plenty in innovation. We invest

沒錯，我們大量投資於創新。

in broadband and science education and science grants,

在寬頻，科學教育，科學研究基金上都投資了許多

but we invest far too little in reinventing and redesigning

但我們在政府再造和組織更新上

the institutions that we have.

的投資卻是少之又少

Now, it's very easy to complain, of course, about

要抱怨我們的政黨政治以及

partisan politics and entrenched bureaucracy, and we love

獨立不受人民控制的官僚體系很簡單

to complain about government. It's a perennial pastime,

我們也的確喜歡抱怨政府，是個歷久不衰的娛樂活動

especially around election time, but

在選舉時更是如此

the world is complex. We soon will have 10 billion people,

但世界如此複雜，很快會突破一百億人口

many of whom will lack basic resources.

很多人會面對基本資源的缺乏

So complain as we might, what actually can replace

所以我們抱怨的同時，對於現況

what we have today?

我們有甚麼替代方案？

What comes the day after the Arab Spring?

阿拉伯之春之後呢？

Well, one attractive alternative that obviously presents itself

我們學到網路是個既明顯

to us is that of networks. Right? Networks

又吸引人的選項，對吧？

like Facebook and Twitter. They're lean. They're mean.

像臉書，推特，小而精悍有力

You've got 3,000 employees at Facebook

3000名臉書員工

governing 900 million inhabitants.

管理九億個使用者

We might even call them citizens, because they've recently

我們甚至能把他們看做是公民

risen up to fight against legislative incursion,

因為他們才剛奮起對抗政府以立法侵權

and the citizens of these networks work together

這些網路公民團結一致，

to serve each other in great ways.

以極棒的方式彼此協助

But private communities, private, corporate,

但私人社群、私人企業

privatizing communities, are not bottom-up democracies.

私人化的社會，不是一個由下至上的民主社會

They cannot replace government.

人民無法替換政府

Friending someone on Facebook is not complex enough

在臉書上結交朋友不難

to do the hard work of you and I collaborating

遠不如你我攜手合作

with each other and doing the hard work of governance.

從事治理這麼複雜

But social media do teach us something.

但是社群媒體的確教了我們一些事

Why is Twitter so successful? Because it opens up its platform.

為什麼推特如此成功？因為它有開放式的平台

It opens up the API to allow hundreds of thousands

它開放應用程式介面（API）讓數十萬的

of new applications to be built on top of it, so that we can

新程式在平台上開發，讓我們能

read and process information in new and exciting ways.

用嶄新、令人興奮的方式讀取及處理資訊

We need to think about how to open up the API

我們需要去思考如何開放政府的API

of government, and the way that we're going to do that,

以及開放的方法

the next great superpower is going to be the one

下一個強權是

who can successfully combine the hierarchy of institution --

能夠成功結合不同層級的政府機構成一體

because we have to maintain those public values,

因為我們必須保有公眾的價值

we have to coordinate the flow -- but with the diversity

我們必須協調這樣的流動，用網路的 多樣性

and the pulsating life and the chaos and the excitement

生命脈動，渾沌和激動

of networks, all of us working together to build

我們所有的人一同致力

these new innovations on top of our institutions,

在我們現有機構的基礎上，建構這些創新

to engage in the practice of governance.

實際參與治理

We have a precedent for this. Good old Henry II here,

這事有先例可循，亨利二世

in the 12th century, invented the jury.

在12世紀，發明了陪審團制度

Powerful, practical, palpable model for handing power

一個有力的、實際的、具體的模式

from government to citizens.

讓公民分享政府權力

Today we have the opportunity, and we have

今日我們有機會

the imperative, to create thousands of new ways

有使命，去創造數以千計

of interconnecting between networks and institutions,

各個不同網路與不同機構的連結

thousands of new kinds of juries: the citizen jury,

上千種新形式的陪審團：像是公民陪審團

the Carrotmob, the hackathon, we are just beginning

胡蘿蔔暴民、駭客大會。我們才剛起步

to invent the models by which we can cocreate

發明各種形式讓我們得藉之共同創造

the process of governance.

治理的過程

Now, we don't fully have a picture of what this will look like

我們還不清楚全貌會如何

yet, but we're seeing pockets of evolution

然而，我們見到某些局部的演進

emerging all around us -- maybe not even evolution,

發生在我們身旁-或許甚至不是演進

I'd even start to call it a revolution -- in the way that we govern.

我甚至開始叫它是革命、治理的革命

Some of it's very high-tech,

有非常高科技的工具

and some of it is extremely low-tech,

也有一些幾乎沒有用到任何科技

such as the project that MKSS is running in Rajasthan,

譬如MKSS在印度的拉賈斯坦邦執行中的計畫

India, where they take the spending data of the state

他們將政府支出的數據

and paint it on 100,000 village walls,

張貼在十萬個村莊的牆上

and then invite the villagers to come and comment

然後邀請村民前來觀看並加以評論

who is on the government payroll, who's actually died,

誰收了政府的錢、誰真的已經死亡

what are the bridges that have been built to nowhere,

哪些橋是無用的，造了只是為了消耗建設經費

and to work together through civic engagement to save

透過公民參與、一同協力

real money and participate and have access to that budget.

節省開銷，參與制定以及實際使用預算

But it's not just about policing government.

但這不只是監管政府

It's also about creating government.

這也是政府再造

Spacehive in the U.K. is engaging in crowd-funding,

英國的Spacehive平台，向群眾募款

getting you and me to raise the money to build

讓你我籌款

the goalposts and the park benches that will actually

建造足球門、公園長椅等

allow us to deliver better services in our communities.

讓我們能提供這些真正用於社區的東西

No one is better at this activity of actually getting us

能號召人們一同提供服務

to engage in delivering services,

最厲害的莫過Ushahidi

sometimes where none exist, than Ushahidi.

這樣的組織也不是處處都有

Created after the post-election riots in Kenya in 2008,

2008年肯亞選舉後發生暴動，Ushahidi成立

this crisis-mapping website and community is actually able

這繪製災難區地圖的網站及社群能夠

to crowdsource and target the delivery of

依賴一般民眾提供訊息，精準找到

better rescue services to people trapped under the rubble,

困在瓦礫下的人們，提供更好的援救服務

whether it's after the earthquakes in Haiti,

他們在海地的地震提供協助

or more recently in Italy.

也在最近的義大利地震提供協助

And the Red Cross too is training volunteers and Twitter

紅十字會正訓練志工，推特的傳訊讓我們確認成效

is certifying them, not simply to supplement existing

他們不只協助現有的政府機構

government institutions, but in many cases, to replace them.

在很多案例中，更取代了政府機構

Now what we're seeing lots of examples of, obviously,

我們看到許多例子，很清楚的

is the opening up of government data,

政府公開資訊的例子

not enough examples of this yet, but we're starting

儘管還不夠多，但我們開始

to see this practice of people creating and generating

看見人們利用政府的資訊

innovative applications on top of government data.

產生創新的運用方法

There's so many examples I could have picked, and I

有很多相關的案例

selected this one of Jon Bon Jovi. Some of you

但我選 Jon Bon Jovi 作例子

may or may not know that he runs a soup kitchen

有些人或許知道他在新澤西有家免費食堂

in New Jersey, where he caters to and serves the homeless

專門提供免費餐點給遊民

and particularly homeless veterans.

特別是照顧那些無家可歸的退伍軍人

In February, he approached the White House, and said,

今年二月，他找上白宮，表示：

"I would like to fund a prize to create scalable national

「我要設立獎金獎勵那些創造規模及於全國的大型的，小型的

applications, apps, that will help not only the homeless

應用程式來幫助遊民，也幫助那些服務遊民的人

but those who deliver services [to] them to do so better."

讓他們能提供更好服務」

February 2012 to June of 2012,

從2012年二月到六月

the finalists are announced in the competition.

4個月後就公布了競賽的贏家

Can you imagine, in the bureaucratic world of yesteryear,

你能否想像，在昔日的官僚世界中

getting anything done in a four-month period of time?

在4個月內能辦成什麼事?

You can barely fill out the forms in that amount of time,

連填完一堆申請表格的時間可能都不夠

let alone generate real, palpable innovations

更別提產生真實的，具體的創新

that improve people's lives.

來改善人們生活

And I want to be clear to mention that this open government

我要表明，開放政府的革命

revolution is not about privatizing government,

並不是將政府私有化

because in many cases what it can do when we have

因為在許多狀況下，我們願意

the will to do so is to deliver more progressive

開放政府能提供更進步

and better policy than the regulations and the legislative

更好的政策，勝過那我們今日

and litigation-oriented strategies

依賴法規，立法以及採用訴訟等策略

by which we make policy today.

所產生的政策

In the State of Texas, they regulate 515 professions,

德州政府管制五百一十五種職業

from well-driller to florist.

從鑽井工到花商都列管

Now, you can carry a gun into a church in Dallas,

現在，在達拉斯、你能帶把槍進教堂

but do not make a flower arrangement without a license,

但請不要無照插花

because that will land you in jail.

因為這要吃牢飯的

So what is Texas doing? They're asking you and me,

所以德州現在怎麼辦? 他們要每個人

using online policy wikis, to help not simply get rid of

以線上維基百科方式，提供政策意見及集成，不只要取代

burdensome regulations that impede entrepreneurship,

讓創業者卻步的錯綜複雜的法規

but to replace those regulations with more innovative

更要用更創新的替代方案取代那些法規

alternatives, sometimes using transparency in the creation

利用開放的政府資訊，開發iPhone 應用程式

of new iPhone apps that will allows us

能夠讓我們

both to protect consumers and the public

同時保護消費者和公眾

and to encourage economic development.

也刺激經濟發展

That is a nice sideline of open government.

這是公開化政府的附加好處

It's not only the benefits that we've talked about with regard

不僅是剛才講的有益經濟發展的好處

to development. It's the economic benefits and the

開放的創新工程

job creation that's coming from this open innovation work.

也同時帶來經濟利益和創造新的工作機會