of the last years of economic boom

導致了過度城市化，

also produced dramatic marginalization,

也帶來了嚴重的邊緣化問題，

resulting in the explosion of slums

造成了世界各地

in many parts of the world.

貧民窟的爆炸性增長。

This polarization of enclaves of mega-wealth

超級富有的飛地周圍

surrounded by sectors of poverty

則是各種貧困區，

and the socioeconomic inequalities they have engendered

這種兩極分化和由此造成的 社會經濟上的不平等

is really at the center of today's urban crisis.

正是今天的城市危機的重要內容。

But I want to begin tonight

不過今晚我要指出的是，

by suggesting that this urban crisis

城市危機

is not only economic or environmental.

不僅僅是經濟或者環境因素造成的，

It's particularly a cultural crisis,

它更多的是一場文化的危機，

a crisis of the institutions

在這場危機中，

unable to reimagine the stupid ways

制度機制無法改變

which we have been growing,

我們一直以來所選擇的 不明智的增長方式，

unable to challenge the oil-hungry,

不敢挑戰這種渴望石油的、

selfish urbanization that have perpetuated

自私的，基於消費的

cities based on consumption,

不斷擴張的城市化進程，

from southern California to New York to Dubai.

從南加州，到紐約，到迪拜。

So I just really want to share with you a reflection

所以我只是想跟大家 分享我的思考和體會——

that the future of cities today

當今城市的未來

depends less on buildings

不再取決於高樓大廈

and, in fact, depends more

而事實上，更多地取決於

on the fundamental reorganization of socioeconomic relations,

社會經濟關係的全新重組；

that the best ideas in the shaping

塑造未來城市的

of the city in the future

好點子

will not come from enclaves of economic power

不會來自於經濟實力強大

and abundance,

和富有的飛地，

but in fact from sectors of conflict and scarcity

而實際上會來自於那些 有矛盾和資源稀缺的區域，

from which an urgent imagination

那裡有著迫切的想像力，

can really inspire us to rethink urban growth today.

可以真正啟發我們 重新思考今天的城市增長。

And let me illustrate what I mean

現在讓我來具體解釋一下

by understanding or engaging sites of conflict

為什麼說那些有著矛盾的地方

as harboring creativity, as I briefly introduce you

充滿了創造力，下面 我給大家簡單介紹一下

to the Tijuana-San Diego border region,

靠近蒂華納（墨西哥城市）和 聖地牙哥（美國城市）的邊境地區，

which has been the laboratory to rethink my practice as an architect.

那是我重新思考如何做好 一個建築設計師的實驗室。

This is the wall, the border wall,

這是一堵牆，邊境牆，

that separates San Diego and Tijuana,

兩邊分別是聖地牙哥和蒂華納，

Latin America and the United States,

美國和拉美，

a physical emblem

這堵牆象徵著

of exclusionary planning policies

兩邊的排他性規劃政策，

that have perpetuated the division

這些政策延續並加劇了

of communities, jurisdictions

世界各地社區之間、司法之間

and resources across the world.

和資源之間的差距。

In this border region, we find

在這個邊境地區，我們可以找到

some of the wealthiest real estate,

一些最昂貴的地產，

as I once found in the edges of San Diego,

我曾經在聖地牙哥的邊緣看到過，

barely 20 minutes away

而那距離拉美一些

from some of the poorest settlements in Latin America.

最貧窮的區域僅 20 分鐘車程。

And while these two cities have the same population,

這兩個城市有一樣的人口數量，

San Diego has grown six times larger than Tijuana

但是在過去的10年裡面，聖地牙哥擴張了

in the last decades,

近六個蒂華納的面積。

immediately thrusting us to confront

這就使得我們要立即面對

the tensions and conflicts

由於城市擴張和密度增加帶來的

between sprawl and density,

緊張和衝突，

which are at the center of today's discussion

也就是我們今天要討論的

about environmental sustainability.

關於環境永續性的重要內容。

So I've been arguing in the last years

在過去的這些年裡，我一直在強調，

that, in fact, the slums of Tijuana can teach a lot

事實上，聖地牙哥的擴張可以

to the sprawls of San Diego

從蒂華納的貧民窟中學到很多東西，

when it comes to socioeconomic sustainability,

特別是關於社會經濟的永續性，

that we should pay attention and learn

我們應該關注並學習

from the many migrant communities

這道邊境牆兩邊的

on both sides of this border wall

很多移民社區，

so that we can translate their informal processes

這樣我們就可以把 他們的非正式的實踐

of urbanization.

運用到城市化進程中去。

What do I mean by the informal in this case?

我這裡的“非正式”是什麼意思呢？

I'm really just talking about

其實我說的只是

the compendium of social practices of adaptation

那些為了適應社會的 社會實踐的集合，

that enable many of these migrant communities

那些社會實踐使得很多移民社區能夠

to transgress imposed political and economic recipes

繞過強加的城市化進程中的

of urbanization.

政治和經濟制度。

I'm talking simply about the creative intelligence

我說的僅僅是來自底層的

of the bottom-up,

創造力，

whether manifested in the slums of Tijuana

不管是用來自聖地牙哥的垃圾

that build themselves, in fact, with the waste of San Diego,

建造的蒂華納的貧民窟，

or the many migrant neighborhoods in Southern California

還是過去十年在南加州的

that have begun to be retrofitted with difference

很多重新改造的

in the last decades.

移民社區。

So I've been interested as an artist

作為一個藝術家，我一直對

in the measuring, the observation,

測量和觀察

of many of the trans-border informal flows

邊境地區的那些 跨邊境的非正式的流動

across this border:

很感興趣。

in one direction, from south to north,

一方面，從南到北，

the flow of immigrants into the United States,

移民流入美國，

and from north to south the flow of waste

另一方面，從北到南，

from southern California into Tijuana.

南加州的垃圾流入蒂華納。

I'm referring to the recycling

我說的垃圾指的是

of these old post-war bungalows

那些戰後平房，

that Mexican contractors bring to the border

墨西哥承包商們把它們拉到邊境來，

as American developers are disposing of them

因為美國開發商

in the process of building a more inflated version

為了建造一個更加膨脹的郊區，

of suburbia in the last decades.

在過去的十年裡正在將它們拋棄。

So these are houses waiting to cross the border.

看這些就是準備跨越邊境的房子。

Not only people cross the border here,

在這裡不僅僅是人們在跨越邊境，

but entire chunks of one city move to the next,

而且一個城市的整塊區域也被搬過去，

and when these houses are placed on top of these steel frames,

當這些房子被放置於這些鋼筋框架上時，

they leave the first floor to become the second

它們就從一樓變成了二樓，

to be in-filled with more house,

從而有更多的空間填充進更多的房子

with a small business.

作為商業用途。

This layering of spaces and economies

這種空間和經濟的分層

is very interesting to notice.

非常有意思。

But not only houses, also small debris

但是不僅僅是房子，還有一些小的廢件

from one city, from San Diego, to Tijuana.

從一個城市，從聖地牙哥到蒂華納。

Probably a lot of you have seen the rubber tires

很多人應該看過橡膠輪胎

that are used in the slums to build retaining walls.

被用於建造貧民窟的擋土牆。

But look at what people have done here in conditions

但是看看這些人在 突發的社會經濟狀況下

of socioeconomic emergency.

是怎麼做的。

They have figured out how to peel off the tire,

他們學會了把輪胎上的橡膠扯下來，

how to thread it and interlock it

用線穿起來並固定在一起，

to construct a more efficient retaining wall.

來打造一堵更有效的擋土牆。

Or the garage doors that are brought

還有那些用聖地牙哥的卡車裝過來的

from San Diego in trucks

車庫大門

to become the new skin of emergency housing

則成為了蒂華納邊緣

in many of these slums

很多貧民窟的

surrounding the edges of Tijuana.

緊急住房的外牆。

So while, as an architect,

雖然作為一個建築設計師，

this is a very compelling thing to witness,

見證這些有創造性的舉動

this creative intelligence,

讓人非常興奮，

I also want to keep myself in check.

不過我還是不能 讓自己興奮過了頭。

I don't want to romanticize poverty.

我不希望美化貧困。

I just want to suggest

我只是想說

that this informal urbanization

這種非正式的城市化

is not just the image of precariousness,

不僅僅是表面看上去的危險的樣子，

that informality here, the informal,

這裡的非正式性

is really a set of socioeconomic and political procedures

其實是一系列的 社會經濟和政治行為，

that we could translate as artists,

作為藝術家我們可以將其

that this is about a bottom-up urbanization

理解為這是一場自下而上的

that performs.

城市化進程。

See here, buildings are not important

這裡樓房的重要性

just for their looks,

不是體現在它們的外表，

but, in fact, they are important for what they can do.

而是它們的功能。

They truly perform as they transform through time

它們隨著時間變化調整，

and as communities negotiate

在社區對空間、界限 和資源的談判過程中

the spaces and boundaries and resources.

真正發揮作用。

So while waste flows southbound,

垃圾流向南邊，

people go north in search of dollars,

同時人們為了發財致富流向北邊，

and most of my research has had to do

我大部分的研究都是關於

with the impact of immigration

這些移民

in the alteration of the homogeneity

對美國的很多社區，

of many neighborhoods in the United States,

特別是聖地牙哥的社區的同質性

particularly in San Diego.

造成的影響。

And I'm talking about how this begins to suggest

我要說的是，這意味著

that the future of Southern California

南加州的未來

depends on the retrofitting

取決於對快速城市化的重新改造，

of the large urbanization -- I mean, on steroids --

要大規模地，

with the small programs,

引入小的

social and economic.

社會和經濟方案。

I'm referring to how immigrants,

我指的是，當移民

when they come to these neighborhoods,

進入到這些社區的時候，

they begin to alter the one-dimensionality

它們開始把簡單的

of parcels and properties

物品和居住地

into more socially and economically complex systems,

改造成更加複雜的社會和經濟體，

as they begin to plug an informal economy into a garage,

比如在車庫開始非常規的經濟，

or as they build an illegal granny flat

或者建造一個非法的 給奶奶居住的公寓房

to support an extended family.

以支持一個大家庭。

This socioeconomic entrepreneurship

在這些社區裡面的

on the ground within these neighborhoods

這種社會經濟創舉

really begins to suggest ways of translating that

給我們提供了製定

into new, inclusive and more equitable

新的，更有包容性的，更公平的

land use policies.

土地使用政策的參考。

So many stories emerge from these dynamics

從這些空間改造的活動中

of alteration of space,

湧現出了那麼多的故事，

such as "the informal Buddha,"

比如“非正式的菩薩”，

which tells the story of a small house

這個故事講的是一個

that saved itself, it did not travel to Mexico,

“活下來”的小房子， 它沒有被拉到墨西哥，

but it was retrofitted in the end

而是被重新改造成了

into a Buddhist temple,

一個佛教寺廟，

and in so doing,

這樣

this small house transforms or mutates

這個小房子搖身一變，

from a singular dwelling

從一個單一的住宅

into a small, or a micro, socioeconomic

變成了社區裡面一個小的，微型的，

and cultural infrastructure inside a neighborhood.

社會經濟和文化的基礎設施。

So these action neighborhoods, as I call them,

這些我稱之為“行動社區”，

really become the inspiration

它們讓我們重新思考和定義

to imagine other interpretations of citizenship

“公民”的涵義，

that have less to do, in fact,

“公民”其實和

with belonging to the nation-state,

屬於哪個國家並不那麼相關，

and more with upholding the notion of citizenship

而是和維護這樣的 一個公民概念更相關，

as a creative act

即“公民”是

that reorganizes institutional protocols

人們在城市空間裡面 重組社會規定的

in the spaces of the city.

有創意的行為。

As an artist, I've been interested, in fact,

作為一個藝術家，事實上我一直對

in the visualization of citizenship,

“公民”的可視化，

the gathering of many anecdotes, urban stories,

收集趣聞軼事和城市裡 發生的故事很感興趣，

in order to narrativize the relationship

目的是為了能夠講述

between social processes and spaces.

社會進程和空間之間的關係。

This is a story of a group of teenagers

這個一個關於一群青少年的故事，

that one night, a few months ago,

一天晚上，幾個月前，

decided to invade this space under the freeway

他們決定侵占高速公路下面的那塊空地

to begin constructing their own skateboard park.

來建造他們自己的滑板公園。

With shovels in hand, they started to dig.

手裡拿著鏟子，他們就開始挖了。

Two weeks later, the police stopped them.

兩個星期以後，警察制止了他們。

They barricaded the place,

警察把那個地方圍了起來，

and the teenagers were evicted,

把這群青少年趕了出去，

and the teenagers decided to fight back,

這群青少年決定回擊，

not with bank cards or slogans

不是通過銀行卡或口號，

but with constructing a critical process.

而是通過一系列的關鍵行動。

The first thing they did was to recognize

他們做的第一件事情就是找出

the specificity of political jurisdiction

管轄那片空地的

inscribed in that empty space.

政府。

They found out that they had been lucky

他們很幸運地發現

because they had not begun to dig

他們還沒有挖到

under Caltrans territoy.

加州運輸局下轄的領土。

Caltrans is a state agency that governs the freeway,

加州運輸局是一個 管轄高速公路的政府部門，

so it would have been very difficult to negotiate with them.

如果要跟他們談判就很麻煩了。

They were lucky, they said, because they began

這群青少年說，他們很幸運因為他們

to dig under an arm of the freeway

挖的是高速公路延伸出去的 一段公路下面的領土，

that belongs to the local municipality.

那是屬於當地政府的。

They were also lucky, they said,

他們說，他們還很幸運的是，

because they began to dig in a sort of

他們開始挖到一個

Bermuda Triangle of jurisdiction,

類似百慕大三角的司法管轄區，

between port authority, airport authority,

由港口管理局、機場管理局、

two city districts, and a review board.

兩個城市和一個審查委員會組成。

All these red lines are the invisible

所有的這些紅線都是

political institutions that were inscribed

那些看不見的管理那塊剩下的空地的

in that leftover empty space.

政治機構。

With this knowledge, these teenagers

在了解了這些背景資料後，這群青少年

as skaters confronted the city.

作為溜冰者跟這座城市進行了對峙。

They came to the city attorney's office.

他們來到了這個城市律師的辦公室。

The city attorney told them

律師告訴他們

that in order to continue the negotiation

如果要繼續談判，

they had to become an NGO,

他們必須先成立一個非政府組織（NGO），

and of course they didn't know what an NGO was.

當然他們完全不知道 NGO 是什麼東西。

They had to talk to their friends in Seattle

他們和他們在西雅圖的

who had gone through the same experience.

經歷過類似事件的朋友進行了交流。

And they began to realize the necessity

然後他們意識到有必要

to organize themselves even deeper

更好地組織自己、

and began to fundraise, to organize budgets,

籌資、管理資金，

to really be aware of all the knowledge

更好地了解所有

embedded in the urban code in San Diego

有關聖地牙哥這個城市的知識，

so that they could begin to redefine

這樣他們才能開始重新定義

the very meaning of public space in the city,

城市裡的公共空間的真正意義，

expanding it to other categories.

並把它擴展到其它範疇。

At the end, the teenagers won the case

最終，這群青少年用那些證據

with that evidence, and they were able

贏得了這唱官司，並且他們還被允許

to construct their skateboard park

在那個高速公路下面建起了

under that freeway.

他們的滑板公園。

Now for many of you, this story

對你們很多人來說，這個故事

might seem trivial or naive.

可能看上去微不足道或者有些天真。

For me as an architect, it has become

而我作為一個建築設計師，這對我

a fundamental narrative,

是一個非常重要的故事，

because it begins to teach me

因為它教會我

that this micro-community

這個微型社區

not only designed another category of public space

不僅僅創造了另一類的 公共空間範疇，

but they also designed the socioeconomic protocols

他們還創造了這個空間的

that were necessary to be inscribed in that space

長期可持續發展所需要的

for its long-term sustainability.

社會經濟規則。

They also taught me

他們還教會我，

that similar to the migrant communities

就像邊境兩邊的

on both sides of the border,

移民社區一樣，

they engaged conflict itself as a creative tool,

他們把矛盾轉化成了 一個有創意的工具，

because they had to produce a process

因為他們需要創造這樣一個機會

that enabled them to reorganize resources

讓他們能夠重組資源

and the politics of the city.

和這個城市的政治。

In that act, that informal,

通過這樣的行動，這種非正式的、