about a little girl named Naghma.

我想分享一個

Naghma lived in a refugee camp

關於小女孩娜瑪的故事。

with her parents and her eight brothers and sisters.

她跟父母及八個兄弟姐妹

Every morning, her father would wake up

住在難民營。

in the hopes he'd be picked for construction work,

每天早上，她的父親起床後，

and on a good month he would earn 50 dollars.

希望自己在建築工地找到工作，

The winter was very harsh,

幸運時他一個月可賺 50 美金。

and unfortunately, Naghma's brother died

冬天就比較難過，

and her mother became very ill.

不幸的是，娜瑪的兄弟過世，

In desperation, her father went to a neighbor

母親病重。

to borrow 2,500 dollars.

絕望之下，他父親跟鄰居

After several months of waiting,

借了 2500 美金。

the neighbor became very impatient,

幾個月的等待後，

and he demanded that he be paid back.

鄰居變得很不耐煩，

Unfortunately, Naghma's father didn't have the money,

並要求他還錢。

and so the two men agreed to a jirga.

不幸的是， 娜瑪的父親並沒有錢還，

So simply put, a jirga is a form of mediation

所以雙方同意 透過族長會議解決這個問題。

that's used in Afghanistan's informal justice system.

簡單來說， 族長會議是一種調解，

It's usually presided over by religious leaders

是阿富汗非正式的仲裁方式。

and village elders,

通常由宗教大老

and jirgas are often used in rural countries like Afghanistan,

以及村落長老主持，

where there's deep-seated resentment

族長會議常見於阿富汗等落後國家，

against the formal system.

他們對於正式的司法系統

At the jirga, the men sat together

有很深的憎恨。

and they decided that the best way to satisfy the debt

族長會議裡，與會者坐在一起

would be if Naghma married the neighbor's 21-year-old son.

討論解決債務的最好辦法

She was six.

就是讓娜瑪嫁給 鄰居 21 歲的兒子。

Now, stories like Naghma's unfortunately

她才六歲。

are all too common,

不幸地，像娜瑪這樣的故事，

and from the comforts of our home,

實在太常見了，

we may look at these stories as another

身處於安樂舒適的我們，

crushing blow to women's rights.

或許會把這個故事

And if you watched Afghanistan on the news,

看成女權的另一個打擊，

you may have this view that it's a failed state.

如果你看過阿富汗的新聞，

However, Afghanistan does have a legal system,

你或許會認為那是一個失敗的國家。

and while jirgas are built on long-standing tribal customs,

然而，阿富汗是有法律制度的，

even in jirgas, laws are supposed to be followed,

雖然族長會議 基於傳承已久的部落習俗，

and it goes without saying

也應該要遵守法律，

that giving a child to satisfy a debt

不用說大家都知道

is not only grossly immoral, it's illegal.

以孩子償債

In 2008, I went to Afghanistan

不只卑鄙下流，更是違法的。

for a justice funded program,

2008 年，我到阿富汗

and I went there originally on this nine-month program

支援司法贊助計畫，

to train Afghan lawyers.

我本來要待九個月

In that nine months, I went around the country

訓練阿富汗律師。

and I talked to hundreds of people that were locked up,

九個月裡，我四處跑，

and I talked to many businesses

訪問數百名被監禁者，

that were also operating in Afghanistan.

也訪問了一些

And within these conversations,

在阿富汗經營企業的公司。

I started hearing the connections

在這些訪談中，

between the businesses and the people,

我開始了解

and how laws that were meant to protect them

這些企業跟民眾的關係，

were being underused,

還有原本應該保護人民的法律

while gross and illegal punitive measures were overused.

是如何未被充分利用，

And so this put me on a quest for justness,

而惡劣和非法的懲罰措施 是如何被濫用。

and what justness means to me

這讓我開始追尋正義之旅，

is using laws for their intended purpose,

正義對我而言

which is to protect.

是彰顯法律的本意，

The role of laws is to protect.

是保護人民。

So as a result, I decided to open up a private practice,

法律的角色是保護。

and I became the first foreigner to litigate

因此，我決定開一家律師事務所，

in Afghan courts.

我也是阿富汗法庭上

Throughout this time, I also studied many laws,

第一位外籍律師。

I talked to many people,

在這段時間，我研究了很多法律，

I read up on many cases,

跟很多人聊過，

and I found that the lack of justness

讀過很多案例，

is not just a problem in Afghanistan,

我發現正義不公

but it's a global problem.

不只是阿富汗的問題，

And while I originally shied away from

而是全球性的問題。

representing human rights cases

雖然我一開始避開

because I was really concerned about how it would

人權相關的案件，

affect me both professionally and personally,

因為我很擔心

I decided that the need for justness was so great

這會影響我的職業跟私人生活。

that I couldn't continue to ignore it.

但我確定公平正義太重要，

And so I started representing people like Naghma

所以我無法再忽視人權案件。

pro bono also.

我開始接娜瑪這樣的案件，

Now, since I've been in Afghanistan

並提供無償服務。

and since I've been an attorney for over 10 years,

既然我去過阿富汗，

I've represented from CEOs of Fortune 500 companies

也當了十幾年的律師，

to ambassadors to little girls like Naghma,

代表過《財富》 500 大企業的執行長、

and with much success.

外交大使， 還有像娜瑪這樣的小女孩，

And the reason for my success is very simple:

官司大多成功。

I work the system from the inside out

我成功的原因很簡單：

and use the laws in the ways

我徹底運用司法體系，

that they're intended to be used.

正確地運用法律

I find that

於需要被使用到的地方。

achieving justness in places like Afghanistan

我發現，

is difficult, and there's three reasons.

在阿富汗這樣的地方 要實現公平正義是很難的，

The first reason is that simply put,

有三個原因。

people are very uneducated as to what their legal rights were,

第一，簡單來說，

and I find that this is a global problem.

受教育的人口不多， 不懂他們自己有哪些權益，

The second issue

我發現這是全球性的問題。

is that even with laws on the books,

第二個原因，

it's often superseded or ignored

即使有成文的法條，

by tribal customs, like in the first jirga

它們通常被取代或忽視，

that sold Naghma off.

以村落習俗取代之， 就像剛剛說的族長會議

And the third problem with achieving justness

把娜瑪賣掉一樣。

is that even with good, existing laws on the books,

第三個要達成公平正義的問題

there aren't people or lawyers that are willing to fight

即使已經有合理的法律，

for those laws.

人民和律師缺乏意願

And that's what I do: I use existing laws,

為維護法律而戰。

often unused laws,

這是我正在做的： 我運用現有法律，

and I work those to the benefits of my clients.

經常被忽視的法律，

We all need to create a global culture

來維護當事人的利益。

of human rights

我們都需為人權

and be investors in a global human rights economy,

創造一個全球性的文化。

and by working in this mindset,

為全球的人權提供貢獻，

we can significantly improve justice globally.

以這樣的心態努力，

Now let's get back to Naghma.

我們可以大大增進 全球的公平正義。

Several people heard about this story,

現在，我們回來討論娜瑪。

and so they contacted me because they wanted

不少人聽說了這個故事，

to pay the $2,500 debt.

所以他們與我聯絡

And it's not just that simple;

希望代還 2500 美元的債務。

you can't just throw money at this problem

但事情並沒有這麼簡單，

and think that it's going to disappear.

這種問題不是把錢丟進去，

That's not how it works in Afghanistan.

然後問題就會消失。

So I told them I'd get involved,

這在阿富汗行不通。

but in order to get involved, what needed to happen

所以我告訴他們，我會參與，

is a second jirga needed to be called,

要參與的話，就得召開

a jirga of appeals.

第二次族長會議，

And so in order for that to happen,

一個申訴案件的族長會議，

we needed to get the village elders together,

要讓它順利召開，

we needed to get the tribal leaders together,

我們得找到村落長老，

the religious leaders.

得找到部落族長

Naghma's father needed to agree,

和宗教大老一起開會。

the neighbor needed to agree,

娜瑪的父親得同意，

and also his son needed to agree.

鄰居也得同意，

And I thought, if I'm going to get involved in this thing,

鄰居的兒子也得同意。

then they also need to agree that I preside over it.

所以我想，如果我要參與，

So, after hours of talking

那他們得同意讓我主持會議。

and tracking them down,

所以討論了幾小時，

and about 30 cups of tea,

一一把他們找來，

they finally agreed that we could sit down

喝了大約 30 杯茶之後，

for a second jirga, and we did.

他們終於同意要坐下來

And what was different about the second jirga

召開第二次族長會議。

is this time, we put the law at the center of it,

這次會議與上一次不同的地方是

and it was very important for me

這一次，我們以法律為核心，

that they all understood that Naghma

對我來說很重要的是

had a right to be protected.

他們必須了解娜瑪

And at the end of this jirga,

有權受到保護。

it was ordered by the judge

在這次族長會議結束時，

that the first decision was erased,

審判官宣布

and that the $2,500 debt was satisfied,

上一次的決議作廢，

and we all signed a written order

美金 2500 元的債務解決了，

where all the men acknowledged

我們都簽了一份書面資料

that what they did was illegal,

所有的人都承認

and if they did it again, that they would go to prison.

他們之前的做法是違法的，

Most —

他們再這麼做，會被捉去關。

(Applause)

大多數.....

Thanks.

（掌聲）

And most importantly,

謝謝。

the engagement was terminated

最重要的是，

and Naghma was free.

這場訂婚無效

Protecting Naghma and her right to be free

而且娜瑪自由了。

protects us.

保護娜瑪以及她享有自由的權力

Now, with my job, there's above-average

也是在保護我們自己。

amount of risks that are involved.

現在我這份工作的

I've been temporarily detained.

危險高於一般的工作。

I've been accused of running a brothel,

我遭短暫拘留過。

accused of being a spy.

我被指控經營妓院過，

I've had a grenade thrown at my office.

被指控為間諜。

It didn't go off, though.

有人丟手榴彈到我辦公室，

But I find that with my job,

幸好沒有引爆。

that the rewards far outweigh the risks,

但我發現工作中

and as many risks as I take,

得到的報償遠大過於風險。

my clients take far greater risks,

我承擔的風險

because they have a lot more to lose

和我的當事相人相比 是微不足道，

if their cases go unheard,

如果沒人受理他們的案件

or worse, if they're penalized for having me as their lawyer.

他們會失去更多，

With every case that I take,

更糟糕的是， 他們會因為委託我而受罰。

I realize that as much as I'm standing behind my clients,

我受理的每個案件，

that they're also standing behind me,

我更加了解 我支持我的當事人的同時，

and that's what keeps me going.

我的當事人也同樣支持我，

Law as a point of leverage

這也是我前進的力量。

is crucial in protecting all of us.

法律作為一個支撐點

Journalists are very vital in making sure

是保護我們的關鍵因素。

that that information is given to the public.

新聞記者扮演關鍵的角色，

Too often, we receive information from journalists

他們要確定提供 給大眾訊息的正確性。

but we forget how that information was given.

我們大多從記者那裡獲得訊息，

This picture is a picture of the

但忘了訊息是來自何處。

British press corps in Afghanistan.

這張照片是

It was taken a couple of years ago by my friend David Gill.

英國新聞團隊在阿富汗的合影。

According to the Committee to Protect Journalists,

幾年前 由我的朋友大衛·吉爾拍的。

since 2010, there have been thousands of journalists

根據記者保護協會，

who have been threatened, injured,

自從 2010 年以來， 有數千名記者

killed, detained.

被威脅，被傷害

Too often, when we get this information,

被殺，被拘留。

we forget who it affects

當我們得到訊息的時候，

or how that information is given to us.

我們時常忘了它會影響哪些人

What many journalists do, both foreign and domestic,

或是訊息是怎麼傳達給我們的。

is very remarkable, especially in places like Afghanistan,

很多國內外的記者，

and it's important that we never forget that,

他們的所做所為是非常了不起的， 特別是在阿富汗這種地方，

because what they're protecting

重要的是，我們不會忘記這一點，

is not only our right to receive that information

因為他們保護的

but also the freedom of the press, which is vital

不只是我們取得訊息的權利

to a democratic society.

更表示新聞自由，

Matt Rosenberg is a journalist in Afghanistan.

這是民主社會至關重要的部分。

He works for The New York Times,

馬特·羅森伯格是阿富汗的記者。

and unfortunately, a few months ago

他為紐約時報工作，

he wrote an article that displeased

不幸的是，幾個月前，

people in the government.

他寫一篇文章

As a result, he was temporarily detained

得罪了當地政府官員。

and he was illegally exiled out of the country.

結果，他被拘留

I represent Matt,

而且被非法驅逐出境。

and after dealing with the government,

我為馬特辯護，

I was able to get legal acknowledgment

在與政府交涉之後，

that in fact he was illegally exiled,

我收到合法的承認書

and that freedom of the press does exist in Afghanistan,

承認他是被非法驅逐出境的事實，

and there's consequences if that's not followed.

以及在阿富汗享有新聞自由，

And I'm happy to say that

不實行會有不好的後果。

as of a few days ago,

我很高興地向大家說，

the Afghan government

幾天前，

formally invited him back into the country

阿富汗政府

and they reversed their exile order of him.

正式邀請他回到該國，

(Applause)

並撤銷他的驅逐令。

If you censor one journalist, then it intimidates others,

（掌聲）

and soon nations are silenced.

如果審查一位記者， 其他的記者也會受到威脅，

It's important that we protect our journalists

很快地整個國家的人民就會緘默。

and freedom of the press,

所以保護記者及新聞的自由

because that makes governments more accountable to us

非常的重要，

and more transparent.

因為這會讓政府對人民更加負責任，

Protecting journalists and our right

政策更透明化。

to receive information protects us.

保護新聞記者及人民

Our world is changing. We live in a different world now,

接受資訊的權利 也就是保護我們自己。

and what were once individual problems

我們的世界在改變， 現在和以前不一樣了。

are really now global problems for all of us.

在過去是個人的問題，

Two weeks ago, Afghanistan had its first

現在已成為我們全球性的問題。

democratic transfer of power

二週前，阿富汗首次

and elected president Ashraf Ghani, which is huge,

完成民主政治權力的移轉，

and I'm very optimistic about him,

選出總統阿什拉夫·甘尼， 這個改變很大。

and I'm hopeful that he'll give Afghanistan

我對他持樂觀的態度，

the changes that it needs,

我希望他能為阿富汗

especially within the legal sector.

帶來其所需的改變，

We live in a different world.

特別是有關法律的部分。

We live in a world where my eight-year-old daughter

我們生活的世界已大不同。

only knows a black president.

我八歲的女兒

There's a great possibility that our next president

只知道有個黑人總統。

will be a woman,

我們的下一位總統

and as she gets older, she may question,

極可能是女性。

can a white guy be president?

她長大，或許會問，

(Laughter)

白人也能當總統嗎？

(Applause)

（笑聲）

Our world is changing, and we need to change with it,

（掌聲）

and what were once individual problems

我們的世界在改變， 我們也要跟著改變，

are problems for all of us.

曾經是個人的問題

According to UNICEF,

已成為每個人的問題。

there are currently over 280 million

根據聯合國兒童基金會統計，

boys and girls who are married

目前有 2 億 8 千萬的

under the age of 15.

男孩和女孩

Two hundred and eighty million.

在 15 歲以下結婚。

Child marriages prolong the vicious cycle

2 億 8 千萬這麼多。

of poverty, poor health, lack of education.

童婚會加重

At the age of 12, Sahar was married.

貧窮、疾病、缺乏教育的惡性循環。

She was forced into this marriage