It doesn't matter whether you're a basketball player,

不管你是棒球選手

a tennis player, a gymnast

網球選手、體操選手

or a bridge player.

或是橋牌玩家。

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

My bridge coach, Sharon Osberg,

我的橋牌教練，沙龍歐斯博格(Sharon Osberg)，

says there are more pictures of the back of her head

說他後腦勺的照片

than anyone else's in the world. (Laughter)

比世上任何一人還多。

Sorry, Sharon. Here you go.

不好意思，沙龍，我出賣你了。

We all need people who will give us feedback.

我們都需要有人來給我們反饋。

That's how we improve.

這就是我們不斷自我提升的方法。

Unfortunately, there's one group of people

不幸的是，有一群人們

who get almost no systematic feedback

幾乎從來沒有得到系統化的回饋

to help them do their jobs better,

協助他們把工作做得更好，

and these people

而這些人們

have one of the most important jobs in the world.

卻擔任著世上最重要的工作之一。

I'm talking about teachers.

我正在說的就是老師們。

When Melinda and I learned

當米蘭達 (Melinda) 和我了解到

how little useful feedback most teachers get,

大多數老師都 僅得到很少有用的反饋，

we were blown away.

我們都大吃一驚。

Until recently, over 98 percent of teachers

直到最近，將近 98% 的老師們

just got one word of feedback:

只得到一個詞的回饋︰

Satisfactory.

挺滿意的。

If all my bridge coach ever told me

如果我的所有橋牌教練都只告訴我

was that I was "satisfactory,"

他對我的表現挺滿意的，

I would have no hope of ever getting better.

我就不可能會有進步。

How would I know who was the best?

我又怎樣知道誰才是最好的？

How would I know what I was doing differently?

而我又怎麼知道 我做的與別人不太一樣呢？

Today, districts are revamping

時至今日，

the way they evaluate teachers,

衡量老師的方法日新月異，

but we still give them almost no feedback

但我們仍沒有給予 足夠幫助他們改善教學的反饋。

that actually helps them improve their practice.

但我們仍沒有給予 足夠幫助他們改善教學的反饋。

Our teachers deserve better.

我們的老師值得更好的反饋。

The system we have today isn't fair to them.

現行的系統對他們不公平，

It's not fair to students,

也對學生們不公平，

and it's putting America's global leadership at risk.

並且將美國的全球領導地位 致於風險當中。

So today I want to talk about how we can help all teachers

所以今天我想談談 我們如何幫助所有的老師

get the tools for improvement they want and deserve.

得到他們需要且應得的改進。

Let's start by asking who's doing well.

我們就從問問誰做得好開始。

Well, unfortunately there's no international ranking tables

的確，很可惜國際上沒有一個 所謂的教師反饋系統的排行榜。

for teacher feedback systems.

的確，很可惜國際上沒有一個 所謂的教師反饋系統的排行榜。

So I looked at the countries

所以我研究了一些 學生學術表現很好的國家，

whose students perform well academically,

所以我研究了一些 學生學術表現很好的國家，

and looked at what they're doing

並且調查了一下 他們如何協助老師改善教學。

to help their teachers improve.

並且調查了一下 他們如何協助老師改善教學。

Consider the rankings for reading proficiency.

從閱讀能力來進行排名，

The U.S. isn't number one.

美國並非第一名，

We're not even in the top 10.

甚至連前十名都沒有。

We're tied for 15th with Iceland and Poland.

我們和冰島、波蘭並列第十五位。

Now, out of all the places

而今，那些普遍閱讀能力 比美國好的國家，

that do better than the U.S. in reading,

而今，那些普遍閱讀能力 比美國好的國家，

how many of them have a formal system

有多少擁有一個正規的系統 協助老師改善教學？

for helping teachers improve?

有多少擁有一個正規的系統 協助老師改善教學？

Eleven out of 14.

答案是，在 14 個國家中 就有 11 個國家有這樣的系統。

The U.S. is tied for 15th in reading,

美國的閱讀能力排名是第 15，

but we're 23rd in science and 31st in math.

但我們在科學學習方面是第 23 名， 數學學習方面是第 31 名。

So there's really only one area where we're near the top,

所以我們只有一個領域 是可以處於領先的，

and that's in failing to give our teachers

那就是我們無法幫助老師們 提高教學能力這一領域。

the help they need to develop their skills.

那就是我們無法幫助老師們 提高教學能力這一領域。

Let's look at the best academic performer:

看看那些擁有最好的 學習表現的地域︰

the province of Shanghai, China.

中國上海。

Now, they rank number one across the board,

如今，他們的閱讀、數學 和科學能力都在排行榜第一名，

in reading, math and science,

如今，他們的閱讀、數學 和科學能力都在排行榜第一名，

and one of the keys to Shanghai's incredible success

而上海取得非凡成功的關鍵之一

is the way they help teachers keep improving.

正是他們協助老師不斷進步。

They made sure that younger teachers

他們確保年輕的老師在工作時 能夠有機會去觀摩大師級老師。

get a chance to watch master teachers at work.

他們確保年輕的老師在工作時 能夠有機會去觀摩大師級老師。

They have weekly study groups,

在每周的研習小組里，

where teachers get together and talk about what's working.

老師們能夠聚在一起 並談論甚麼樣的教學是有效的。

They even require each teacher to observe

他們甚至要求每個老師 去觀察其他的老師教學並給予反饋。

and give feedback to their colleagues.

他們甚至要求每個老師 去觀察其他的老師教學並給予反饋。

You might ask, why is a system like this so important?

你可能會問︰為甚麼像這樣的系統那麼重要？

It's because there's so much variation

這是因為有太多的變數存在於專業教學中。

in the teaching profession.

這是因為有太多的變數 存在於專業教學中。

Some teachers are far more effective than others.

有些老師比其他的老師更有效率。

In fact, there are teachers throughout the country

事實上，我們國家到處都有教師

who are helping their students make extraordinary gains.

正在幫助他們的學生 得到不同尋常的收穫。

If today's average teacher

如果當今每位老師

could become as good as those teachers,

都能和這些老師一樣棒，

our students would be blowing away the rest of the world.

我們的學生就能比世界上 其他地方的人還優秀。

So we need a system that helps all our teachers

因此我們需要一個系統 去幫助我們的老師和最棒的 (老師) 一樣好。

be as good as the best.

因此我們需要一個系統 去幫助我們的老師和最棒的 (老師) 一樣好。

What would that system look like?

那這樣的系統是怎樣的呢？

Well, to find out, our foundation

因此，為了找出答案，我們的基金會

has been working with 3,000 teachers

已經和全國各地區 3000 多名老師合作

in districts across the country

已經和全國各地區 3000 多名老師合作

on a project called Measures of Effective Teaching.

一項叫做效率化教學量測計畫 (Measures of Effective Teaching) 的專案。

We had observers watch videos

我們會讓觀察者們 觀看老師在課堂上課的影片，

of teachers in the classroom

我們會讓觀察者們 觀看老師在課堂上課的影片，

and rate how they did on a range of practices.

對他們的實踐方式進行排名。

For example, did they ask their students

例如，他們有詢問學生 一些有挑戰性的問題嗎？

challenging questions?

例如，他們有詢問學生 一些有挑戰性的問題嗎？

Did they find multiple ways to explain an idea?

他們有找到多種方法 去解釋一個概念嗎？

We also had students fill out surveys with questions like,

我們也同時讓學生 填寫一些問卷諸如︰

"Does your teacher know

你們的老師是否瞭解 同學們對課堂內容的掌握程度嗎？

when the class understands a lesson?"

你們的老師是否瞭解 同學們對課堂內容的掌握程度嗎？

"Do you learn to correct your mistakes?"

你們有學會如何更正自己的錯誤嗎？

And what we found is very exciting.

而我們找到的答案令人激動。

First, the teachers who did well on these observations

第一，在觀察者中得到好評的老師

had far better student outcomes.

往往也更受學生的瞭解和歡迎。

So it tells us we're asking the right questions.

所以這表示我們問對問題了。

And second, teachers in the program told us

第二，參與計畫的老師們告訴我們

that these videos and these surveys from the students

這些影片和學生的調查問卷

were very helpful diagnostic tools,

對他們來說是非常有用的診斷工具。

because they pointed to specific places

因為能指出他們需要改善的特定方面。

where they can improve.

因為能指出他們需要改善的特定方面。

I want to show you what this video component of MET

我想給你們看看效率化教學測量 的這一教師授課影片資料是怎樣的。

looks like in action.

我想給你們看看效率化教學測量 的這一教師授課影片資料是怎樣的。

(Music)

(音樂)

(Video) Sarah Brown Wessling: Good morning everybody.

(影片) 莎拉·布朗·偉斯林 (Sarah Brown Wessling)︰ 各位同學，早上好。

Let's talk about what's going on today.

我們來談談今天的安排吧。

To get started, we're doing a peer review day, okay?

在開始之前，我們將有一個同儕評估日，好嗎？

A peer review day, and our goal by the end of class

在今天課堂結束之後， 同儕評估日和我們的目標

is for you to be able to determine

能夠讓你們自己判斷你的論文中

whether or not you have moves to prove in your essays.

是否有試圖去驗證你所寫的。

My name is Sarah Brown Wessling.

我的名字是莎拉·布朗·偉斯林 (Sarah Brown Wessling)。

I am a high school English teacher

我是一個中學英文老師。

at Johnston High School in Johnston, Iowa.

任教於愛荷華州 (Iowa) 約翰史東地區約翰史東中學 (Johnston High School)。

Turn to somebody next to you.

轉身面對你的鄰座，

Tell them what you think I mean when I talk about moves to prove. I've talk about --

告訴他們當我講到驗證你所寫的時候， 你是怎麼想的。我曾說過....

I think that there is a difference for teachers

我認為對老師們來說，

between the abstract of how we see our practice

在我們對自己教學的看法

and then the concrete reality of it.

和真正的事實上是存在差異的。

Okay, so I would like you to please bring up your papers.

好了，所以現在我希望 你們可以拿出一張紙。

I think what video offers for us

我想這些影片提供給我們的 是在某種程度上的現實狀況。

is a certain degree of reality.

我想這些影片提供給我們的 是在某種程度上的現實狀況。

You can't really dispute what you see on the video,

影片中看到的都是不可置否的，

and there is a lot to be learned from that,

而且你能從中學到很多，

and there are a lot of ways that we can grow

當我們真正認真觀看研究這些影片的時候，

as a profession when we actually get to see this.

我們是可以通過很多方法 來提高自己的專業性的。

I just have a flip camera and a little tripod

我只用了一臺短片錄影機和一個小三腳架

and invested in this tiny little wide-angle lens.

並且只使用了這麼一個小小的廣角鏡。

At the beginning of class, I just perch it

在課堂的一開始， 我只是把它放在教室後的一角。

in the back of the classroom. It's not a perfect shot.

雖然不是最佳角度，

It doesn't catch every little thing that's going on.

也不能掌握所有細節，

But I can hear the sound. I can see a lot.

但我可以聽到聲音。我可以看到很多。

And I'm able to learn a lot from it.

而我可以從中學到非常多。

So it really has been a simple

所以它真的能成為一種 自我反思的簡單但強大的工具。

but powerful tool in my own reflection.

所以它真的能成為一種 自我反思的簡單但強大的工具。

All right, let's take a look at the long one first, okay?

好，我們先來看看比較長的那段，好嗎？

Once I'm finished taping, then I put it in my computer,

當我結束錄影， 我就把它放到我的電腦裡，

and then I'll scan it and take a peek at it.

然後我會大概瀏覽一下看看錄得怎樣。

If I don't write things down, I don't remember them.

如果我没將事情寫下來，我會忘了的。

So having the notes is a part of my thinking process,

所以記筆記成為我思考過程的一部份，

and I discover what I'm seeing as I'm writing.

我發現當我在記筆記的時候 也是我觀察的時候。

I really have used it for my own personal growth

我真的用它來實現

and my own personal reflection on teaching strategy

我自己在教學方式、理論和課堂管理

and methodology and classroom management,

乃至其他不同方面的

and just all of those different facets of the classroom.

個人成長和反思。

I'm glad that we've actually done the process before

我很高興我們事前做了這些研究，

so we can kind of compare what works, what doesn't.

就可以比較出什麽是有效的，什麽是無效的。

I think that video exposes

我認為這些影片揭露出 我們身為老師所固有的東西

so much of what's intrinsic to us as teachers

我認為這些影片揭露出 我們身為老師所固有的東西

in ways that help us learn and help us understand,

用以幫助我們學習、幫助我們了解，

and then help our broader communities understand

然後幫助我們這個更廣的社群 了解到這些複雜的工作是為了甚麼。

what this complex work is really all about.

然後幫助我們這個更廣的社群 了解到這些複雜的工作是為了甚麼。

I think it is a way to exemplify and illustrate

我認為這是一種例證和描述的方式 幫助我們去理解教授那些我們無法在課堂計劃中提及、

things that we cannot convey in a lesson plan,

我認為這是一種例證和描述的方式 幫助我們去理解教授那些我們無法在課堂計劃中提及、

things you cannot convey in a standard,

也無法用標準答案來傳遞、

things that you cannot even sometimes convey

甚至有時連教育學的書中都無法解釋的事項。

in a book of pedagogy.

甚至有時連教育學的書中都無法解釋的事項。

Alrighty, everybody, have a great weekend.

那麼，祝各位一個愉快的週末。

I'll see you later.

下週見。

[Every classroom could look like that]

所有的教室都能像這樣

(Applause)

(鼓掌)

Bill Gates: One day, we'd like every classroom in America

比爾蓋茲(Bill Gates)︰總有一天，美國的所有課堂

to look something like that.

看起來都能像這樣。

But we still have more work to do.

但我們仍有許多工作要做。

Diagnosing areas where a teacher needs to improve

診斷出教師需要改善的地方只是這場奮戰的一半。

is only half the battle.

診斷出教師需要改善的地方只是這場奮戰的一半。

We also have to give them the tools they need

我們還必須提供他們需要的工具，使他們針對這些診斷作出相應措施。

to act on the diagnosis.

我們還必須提供他們需要的工具，使他們針對這些診斷作出相應措施。

If you learn that you need to improve

如果你意識到你需要提高分數的教學方式，

the way you teach fractions,

如果你意識到你需要提高分數的教學方式，

you should be able to watch a video

你就應該看看世界上教分數教的最好的人的教學影片。

of the best person in the world teaching fractions.

你就應該看看世界上教分數教的最好的人的教學影片。

So building this complete teacher feedback

因此建立完整的教師回饋和改善系統並非容易。

and improvement system won't be easy.

因此建立完整的教師回饋和改善系統並非容易。

For example, I know some teachers

舉例來說，我了解一些老師不能馬上習慣有一台錄影機在教室。

aren't immediately comfortable with the idea

舉例來說，我了解一些老師不能馬上習慣有一台錄影機在教室。

of a camera in the classroom.

舉例來說，我了解一些老師不能馬上習慣有一台錄影機在教室。

That's understandable, but our experience with MET

這是人之常情，但是我們效率化教學測量計畫的經驗建議

suggests that if teachers manage the process,

如果老師能夠克服這個環節並自行收集自己班上的影片，

if they collect video in their own classrooms,

如果老師能夠克服這個環節，自行收集自己班上的影片，

and they pick the lessons they want to submit,

並且選一個他們想要提交的，

a lot of them will be eager to participate.

其中很多人會變得渴望參與其中。

Building this system will also require

建立這樣的系統也需要非常大的投資。

a considerable investment.

建立這樣的系統也需要非常大的投資。

Our foundation estimates that it could cost

我們基金會計畫將會花到將近50億美元。

up to five billion dollars.

我們基金計畫將會花到將近50億美元。

Now that's a big number, but to put it in perspective,

現在看來這是非常大的數目，但是放在更遠的願景中，

it's less than two percent

這只是我們每年使用在教師薪水上的2%而已。

of what we spend every year on teacher salaries.

這只是我們每年使用在教師薪水上的2%而已。

The impact for teachers would be phenomenal.

但其對老師們的影響卻是前所未有的。

We would finally have a way to give them feedback,

我們將終於找到一個給予他們反饋

as well as the means to act on it.

和提供改善方式的方法。

But this system would have

但這個系統將會對我們國家產生更重要的利益。

an even more important benefit for our country.

但這個系統將會對我們國家產生更重要的利益。

It would put us on a path to making sure

這樣會使我們確保自己的學生能夠得到最棒的教育，

all our students get a great education,

這樣會使我們確保自己的學生能夠得到最棒的教育，

find a career that's fulfilling and rewarding,

發現自己想完成並獲益的職業，

and have a chance to live out their dreams.

並且有機會讓他們實現夢想。

This wouldn't just make us a more successful country.

這不僅讓我們成為一個更成功的國家，

It would also make us a more fair and just one, too.

同時也是一個公平正義的國家。

I'm excited about the opportunity

我非常興奮能有這個機會

to give all our teachers the support they want and deserve.

給我們老師提供他們需要且應得的支持。

I hope you are too.

我希望你們也是。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

(鼓掌)