my father would get up on a Saturday,

在我記憶中的每一個週末，

put on a worn sweatshirt

我父親會在週六起床後，

and he'd scrape away

穿上他的舊運動衫，

at the squeaky old wheel of a house that we lived in.

並且著手刮除

I wouldn't even call it restoration;

我們老房子外的油漆。

it was a ritual, catharsis.

我不會稱之整修，

He would spend all year scraping paint with this old heat gun

這是一種儀式，一種淨化。

and a spackle knife,

他一整年不斷用他的熱噴槍及刮刀

and then he would repaint where he scraped,

去刮除掉油漆，

only to begin again the following year.

並且重新粉刷他刮掉的部分，

Scraping and re-scraping, painting and repainting:

年復一年日復一日。

the work of an old house is never meant to be done.

無數次的刮漆及重漆，

The day my father turned 52, I got a phone call.

老房子的打理工作永遠不會結束。

My mother was on the line

在我父親52歲時， 我接到了一通電話，

to tell me that doctors had found a lump in his stomach --

我母親在電話另一頭，

terminal cancer, she told me,

告訴我說醫生在父親的 胃中發現了一個腫塊，

and he had been given only three weeks to live.

是癌症末期，

I immediately moved home to Poughkeepsie, New York,

父親可能活不過三週。

to sit with my father on death watch,

我立刻搬回在紐約波啟浦夕市，

not knowing what the next days would bring us.

陪伴父親過完最後的日子，

To keep myself distracted,

而我們不知道離別會在何時到來。

I rolled up my sleeves,

為了分散自己的注意力，

and I went about finishing what he could now no longer complete --

我捲起了袖管，

the restoration of our old home.

接手了父親再也無法完成的工作－－

When that looming three-week deadline came

老房子的整修

and then went,

慢慢地就快要到醫生宣布的三週，

he was still alive.

接著．三週過去了，

And at three months,

父親依然活著。

he joined me.

而後又過了三個月，

We gutted and repainted the interior.

父親加入了我。

At six months, the old windows were refinished,

我們重新改造並粉刷了房子內部。

and at 18 months,

六個月後，我們把老舊的窗戶換新，

the rotted porch was finally replaced.

十八個月後，

And there was my father,

腐舊的走廊也完全換新了。

standing with me outside, admiring a day's work,

我跟父親一起

hair on his head, fully in remission,

站在房子外欣賞我們所完成的工作，

when he turned to me and he said,

父親癌症時掉落的頭髮 也開始重新生長，

"You know, Michael,

父親轉過頭看著我，並說：

this house saved my life."

「麥克。

So the following year, I decided to go to architecture school.

這房子拯救了我的生命。」

(Laughter)

所以隔年，我決定進入建築專科學校。

But there, I learned something different about buildings.

（笑聲）

Recognition seemed to come

但在那裡，我學到一些 跟建築物不太一樣的東西。

to those who prioritized novel and sculptural forms,

比較有名的像是

like ribbons, or ...

一些新穎的雕塑形式，

pickles?

例如緞帶造型或...

(Laughter)

醃黃瓜樣式？

And I think this is supposed to be a snail.

(笑聲)

Something about this bothered me.

然後我想這個應該是蝸牛。

Why was it that the best architects, the greatest architecture --

這類東西令我困惑。

all beautiful and visionary and innovative --

為什麼這些最好的建築、偉大的建築

is also so rare,

全都是漂亮、充滿幻想且標新立異的，

and seems to serve so very few?

卻很稀少，

And more to the point:

似乎只有少數人能夠享受到？

With all of this creative talent, what more could we do?

此外還有一點：

Just as I was about to start my final exams,

在這些有天分的創造之上， 我們還能做什麼？

I decided to take a break from an all-nighter

正當逼近我期末考試時，

and go to a lecture by Dr. Paul Farmer,

我決定從徹夜苦讀之中偷個閒，

a leading health activist for the global poor.

去聽 Paul Farmer 醫生的演講，

I was surprised to hear a doctor talking about architecture.

他是一位抵抗世界飢荒的 健康活動家領袖。

Buildings are making people sicker, he said,

聽到一位醫生討論建築 讓我非常驚訝。

and for the poorest in the world,

他說：「建築物會讓人病得更嚴重。

this is causing epidemic-level problems.

在世界上最貧窮的地方，

In this hospital in South Africa,

這甚至會達到流行病的程度。」

patients that came in with, say, a broken leg,

在南非的醫院裡，

to wait in this unventilated hallway,

一位腿骨折的病人進到醫院，

walked out with a multidrug-resistant strand of tuberculosis.

在通風不好的大廳等待看診，

Simple designs for infection control had not been thought about,

便會帶著具多種抗藥性的 結核病菌離開醫院。

and people had died because of it.

沒有考量到感染控管的設計，

"Where are the architects?" Paul said.

可能會讓人喪命。

If hospitals are making people sicker,

「建築師在哪裡？」Paul 問道。

where are the architects and designers

如果醫院會讓人生病，

to help us build and design hospitals that allow us to heal?

那麼有能力建造一座 助人恢復健康的醫院的

That following summer,

建築師及設計師們在哪裡呢？

I was in the back of a Land Rover with a few classmates,

在下一個暑假，

bumping over the mountainous hillside of Rwanda.

我與幾個同學坐在越野車上，

For the next year, I'd be living in Butaro in this old guesthouse,

在盧安達的山岳間翻山越嶺。

which was a jail after the genocide.

次年，我住在 Butaro 醫院的老客房內，

I was there to design and build a new type of hospital

這原本是一座種族屠殺後使用的監獄。

with Dr. Farmer and his team.

我在那與Farmer醫生及其團隊

If hallways are making patients sicker,

一同設計並建造一種新形式的醫院。

what if we could design a hospital that flips the hallways on the outside,

如果醫院大廳會讓病人生病，

and makes people walk in the exterior?

那我們是否可以設計一個大廳在外面的醫院，

If mechanical systems rarely work,

讓人們走在外側？

what if we could design a hospital that could breathe

如果機械系統幾乎無法運作，

through natural ventilation,

那我們是否能設計一個

and meanwhile reduce its environmental footprint?

透過自然通風而呼吸，

And what about the patients' experience?

並且減少生態足跡的醫院？

Evidence shows that a simple view of nature

而病人的體驗會如何呢？

can radically improve health outcomes,

證據顯示簡單的自然景觀

So why couldn't we design a hospital

能從根本上促進人的健康。

where every patient had a window with a view?

所以我們何不就設計一間醫院，

Simple, site-specific designs can make a hospital that heals.

讓每位病人都有能看見風景的窗戶。

Designing it is one thing;

簡單獨特的設計能讓醫院治癒病人。

getting it built, we learned, is quite another.

設計是一回事，

We worked with Bruce Nizeye,

而建造又是另一回事。

a brilliant engineer,

我們和工程師 Bruce Nizeye一起工作，

and he thought about construction differently

一個傑出的工程師，

than I had been taught in school.

他對建築的思考方式

When we had to excavate this enormous hilltop

與我以前在學校所學完全不同。

and a bulldozer was expensive and hard to get to site,

當我們想要挖掘巨大的山頂，

Bruce suggested doing it by hand,

發現挖土機太昂貴， 並且難以攀登上頂點，

using a method in Rwanda called "Ubudehe,"

Bruce建議我們用手挖掘，

which means "community works for the community."

使用盧安達一個叫做「Ubedehe」方法，

Hundreds of people came with shovels and hoes,

意思即是為了社區的社區工作。

and we excavated that hill

數百人帶著鏟子及鋤頭過來，

in half the time and half the cost of that bulldozer.

我們一同挖掘山丘。

Instead of importing furniture, Bruce started a guild,

只用了挖土機一半的時間和金錢。

and he brought in master carpenters to train others

Bruce帶來了木匠大師，並訓練其他人

in how to make furniture by hand.

自己手工製作家具

And on this job site,

取代進口家具。

15 years after the Rwandan genocide,

在工作場地，

Bruce insisted that we bring on labor from all backgrounds,

經歷15年前的盧安達大屠殺後，

and that half of them be women.

Bruce堅持我們要 雇用各種背景的勞工，

Bruce was using the process of building to heal,

而其中有一半以上是女人。

not just for those who were sick,

Bruce利用建築的過程去治療人們，

but for the entire community as a whole.

不僅僅為了治療病人，

We call this the locally fabricated way of building, or "lo-fab,"

同時也是為了團結整個社區。

and it has four pillars:

我們把這些建造方式稱作本地製造，

hire locally,

其具有四個支柱：

source regionally,

雇用當地人、

train where you can

就地取材、

and most importantly,

訓練當地人，

think about every design decision as an opportunity

並且，最重要的，

to invest in the dignity of the places where you serve.

將每一個設計當作一個機會

Think of it like the local food movement,

投資到你服務的這個地區。

but for architecture.

想像這有如當地食物生產過程，

And we're convinced that this way of building

但是這是建築版本的。

can be replicated across the world,

而我們相信此種建築方法

and change the way we talk about and evaluate architecture.

能被複製到世界各地，

Using the lo-fab way of building,

並且改變我們討論、評估建築的方式。

even aesthetic decisions can be designed to impact people's lives.

利用本地生產的方式建築，

In Butaro, we chose to use a local volcanic stone

即使是從審美觀點來設計， 也能改變人們的生活。

found in abundance within the area,

在Butaro，我們選擇用當地火山岩，

but often considered a nuisance by farmers,

它在當地很豐富，

and piled on the side of the road.

但它卻被認為是麻煩事，

We worked with these masons to cut these stones

推擠在路邊。

and form them into the walls of the hospital.

我們與瓦泥匠們一起切割這些石塊，

And when they began on this corner

並切做成醫院的牆。

and wrapped around the entire hospital,

他們從這個角落開始

they were so good at putting these stones together,

環繞整座醫院，

they asked us if they could take down the original wall and rebuild it.

這些石塊排列後看起來棒極了，

And you see what is possible.

居民還問我們是否能 把原本的的舊牆也都重新建造

It's beautiful.

你可以看見這是可行的。

And the beauty, to me,

非常的漂亮。

comes from the fact that I know that hands cut these stones,

對我來說，之所以美，

and they formed them into this thick wall,

是因為我了解這是手工切割的石塊，

made only in this place with rocks from this soil.

由人工打造成厚牆，

When you go outside today and you look at your built world,

原料都是當地獨特的石材及土壤。

ask not only:

今日，當你走出戶外 看看人們建構出的世界

"What is the environmental footprint?" -- an important question --

你不但要問說

but what if we also asked,

什麼是環境足跡？

"What is the human handprint of those who made it?"

還應該要問

We started a new practice based around these questions,

建造了它們的人類足跡是什麼？

and we tested it around the world.

我們依據這些問題開始了新的試驗，

Like in Haiti,

並且在世界各地嘗試。

where we asked if a new hospital could help end the epidemic of cholera.

像在海地

In this 100-bed hospital,

我們想知道新型的醫院 是否能改善霍亂的流行，

we designed a simple strategy

在一個具百張病床規模的醫院，

to clean contaminated medical waste before it enters the water table,

我們設計了一個簡單的策略，

and our partners at Les Centres GHESKIO

在醫療廢棄物進入水源之前， 能夠初步清潔它們，

are already saving lives because of it.

我們在Les Centres GHESKIO的夥伴

Or Malawi:

已經因此拯救不少性命。

we asked if a birthing center could radically reduce

或在馬拉威，

maternal and infant mortality.

我們會問接生中心是否能從根本上

Malawi has one of the highest rates of maternal and infant death

減少母親與嬰兒的死亡率。

in the world.

馬拉威有著世界最高的母嬰死亡率。

Using a simple strategy to be replicated nationally,

我們使用一個簡單、可重複執行的策略，

we designed a birthing center

設計一個生育中心

that would attract women and their attendants

並且吸引女性同胞們

to come to the hospital earlier and therefore have safer births.

提早來到醫院， 如此可以安全的分娩。

Or in the Congo, where we asked

在剛果，我們想知道

if an educational center could also be used

教育中心是否也能發揮作用，

to protect endangered wildlife.

去保護瀕危的野生動物。

Poaching for ivory and bushmeat

象牙或肉品的盜獵

is leading to global epidemic, disease transfer and war.

將可能導致流行疾病及戰爭的蔓延。

In one of the hardest-to-reach places in the world,

在世界上最遙遠的地方，

we used the mud and the dirt and the wood around us

我們使用身邊的泥巴、土及木頭

to construct a center

去建造保育中心。

that would show us ways to protect and conserve our rich biodiversity.

這是一個保護生物多樣性的方法。

Even here in the US,

即使在美國本土，

we were asked to rethink

我們也要被要求重新思考

the largest university for the deaf and hard of hearing in the world.

在世界上最大的聾啞大學。

The deaf community, through sign language,

在聽障社區內，透過一些手語動作，

shows us the power of visual communication.

我們了解到了視覺溝通的力量。

We designed a campus that would awaken the ways

我們設計的校園將會啟發

in which we as humans all communicate,

人類溝通方式，

both verbally and nonverbally.

包含了語言及非語言的溝通。

And even in Poughkeepsie, my hometown,

在我的家鄉，波啟浦夕市，

we thought about old industrial infrastructure.

我們想到了工業的基礎建設。

We wondered:

我們想知道：

Could we use arts and culture and design to revitalize this city

是否能透過藝術及文化設計

and other Rust Belt cities across our nation,

使國家內的沒落都市再度繁榮呢？

and turn them into centers for innovation and growth?

是否能將它們變成 創新及成長的中心呢？

In each of these projects, we asked a simple question:

在這些計畫中， 我們問了一個簡單的問題

What more can architecture do?

建築還能夠多做些什麼？

And by asking that question,

透過這些問題，

we were forced to consider how we could create jobs,

我們被強迫思考如何創造工作、

how we could source regionally

如何就地取材、

and how we could invest in the dignity of the communities

如何投資在我們服務的社區。

in which we serve.

我已經學到

I have learned

建築可以成為改變契機的引擎。

that architecture can be a transformative engine for change.

大約一年前，我讀到一篇文章，

About a year ago, I read an article

有關於不屈不撓、 勇敢無畏的民權領袖，

about a tireless and intrepid civil rights leader

布萊恩·史蒂文森。

named Bryan Stevenson.

（掌聲）

(Applause)

布萊恩有一個大膽的建築想法。

And Bryan had a bold architectural vision.

他及他的團隊紀錄了

He and his team had been documenting

在美國南部發生的

the over 4,000 lynchings of African-Americans

超過4000件對非裔美國人的私刑案件。

that have happened in the American South.

他們決定在阿拉巴馬州的蒙哥馬利，

And they had a plan to mark every county where these lynchings occurred,

標記每個發生過私刑的地區，

and build a national memorial to the victims of lynching

並建造國家紀念館哀悼這些受害者。

in Montgomery, Alabama.

像是德國或南非這樣的國家，

Countries like Germany and South Africa

當然還有盧安達，

and, of course, Rwanda,

都發現建造這樣的紀念館是必要的，

have found it necessary to build memorials

讓他們反思過去的暴行，

to reflect on the atrocities of their past,

並撫平全體國民的傷痛。

in order to heal their national psyche.

我們尚未在美國做這樣的事。

We have yet to do this in the United States.

所以我寄了一封郵件給公平正義組織

So I sent a cold email to info@equaljusticeintiative.org:

寫道：「敬愛的布萊恩，

"Dear Bryan," it said,

我認為你的建築計畫

"I think your building project

說不定是美國最重要的計畫，

is maybe the most important project we could do in America

這將能改變我們對於種族不平等的看法。

and could change the way we think about racial injustice.

順帶一提，

By any chance,

你知道由誰來設計這個建築嗎？」

do you know who will design it?"

（笑聲）

(Laughter)

令人吃驚地，

Surprisingly, shockingly,

布萊恩馬上回信給我，

Bryan got right back to me,

並且邀請我去與他的團隊見面。

and invited me down to meet with his team and talk to them.

不由分說，我馬上取消所有會議

Needless to say, I canceled all my meetings

跳上飛機前往阿拉巴馬州的蒙哥馬利。

and I jumped on a plane to Montgomery, Alabama.

當我到達時，

When I got there,

布萊恩及其團隊帶我在城市參觀。

Bryan and his team picked me up, and we walked around the city.

他們花了一番時間，

And they took the time to point out

去指出放置於城市各處，

the many markers that have been placed all over the city

關於南部聯邦政府的歷史標記，

to the history of the Confederacy,

但對於奴隸相關歷史的標記很少。

and the very few that mark the history of slavery.

接著他們帶我到一座山坡上，

And then he walked me to a hill.

讓我們可以俯瞰整個城市。

It overlooked the whole city.

他指出一些河及鐵軌的位置，

He pointed out the river and the train tracks

和那些曾經是美國最大的奴隸交易地點。

where the largest domestic slave-trading port in America