(Laughter)

看看這個嚇人的方程式 酷

Check out those killer equations. Sweet.

在接下來的18分鐘裡 我會盡自己所能

Actually, for the next 18 minutes I'm going to do the best I can

在不用方程式的前提之下 讓大家了解粒子學的美妙

to describe the beauty of particle physics without equations.

我們發現到 我們能從珊瑚身上學到很多東西

It turns out there's a lot we can learn from coral.

珊瑚是種奇特及美妙的動物

A coral is a very beautiful and unusual animal.

每一個珊瑚群都由成千上萬的珊瑚組成

Each coral head consists of thousands of individual polyps.

這些珊瑚會不停的生長及分裂

These polyps are continually budding and branching

變成基因相同的群體

into genetically identical neighbors.

想像如果這些珊瑚擁有很高的智商

If we imagine this to be a hyperintelligent coral,

我們就能抓出其中的一個珊瑚 並且問他一個簡單的問題

we can single out an individual and ask him a reasonable question.

你為什麼會剛好出現在這

We can ask how exactly he got to be in this particular location

而不是其他的地方

compared to his neighbors --

是剛好 命運 還是其他的原因

if it was just chance, or destiny, or what?

在我們收到全球暖化的警告之後

Now, after admonishing us for turning the temperature up too high,

他回答我們 這問題真是愚蠢極了

he would tell us that our question was completely stupid.

這珊瑚有時候還真不客氣

These corals can be kind of mean, you see,

我衝浪時所受的傷就是證明

and I have surfing scars to prove that.

這珊瑚繼續回答我們

But this polyp would continue and tell us

他旁邊的這些珊瑚都是跟他一模一樣的複製品

that his neighbors were quite clearly identical copies of him.

他跟其他珊瑚聚在一起成為一個整體

That he was in all these other locations as well,

只是表現為不同的個體而已

but experiencing them as separate individuals.

對於珊瑚來說 分裂出不同個體

For a coral, branching into different copies

是再自然不過的事情了

is the most natural thing in the world.

和我們不同的是 高智商的珊瑚已具備了

Unlike us, a hyperintelligent coral

理解量子力學的能力

would be uniquely prepared to understand quantum mechanics.

量子力學透過數學方法準確的描述

The mathematics of quantum mechanics

宇宙的運行模式

very accurately describes how our universe works.

它告訴我們 現實世界和珊瑚一樣

And it tells us our reality is continually branching into different possibilities,

也具有不同可能性的發展

just like a coral.

我們人類很難理解這個問題

It's a weird thing for us humans to wrap our minds around,

因為每個人只能經歷一種人生

since we only ever get to experience one possibility.

這種量子力學的奇特現象

This quantum weirdness was first described

最早是由薛丁格和他的貓提出來的

by Erwin Schrödinger and his cat.

貓更喜歡這版本

The cat likes this version better.

(笑聲)

(Laughter)

在他的實驗裡 薛丁格待在一個具有放射物質的空間中

In this setup, Schrödinger is in a box with a radioactive sample

根據量子力學原理 放射物質有兩種可能情況

that, by the laws of quantum mechanics, branches into a state

可能衰變或者不衰變

in which it is radiated and a state in which it is not.

(笑聲)

(Laughter)

如果粒子發生衰變的話

In the branch in which the sample radiates,

會激發連鎖反應 釋放毒氣 薛丁格必死無疑

it sets off a trigger that releases poison and Schrödinger is dead.

但如果薛丁格遇到另一種情況 他就能活下來

But in the other branch of reality, he remains alive.

每個個體都只能經歷其中的一種情形

These realities are experienced separately by each individual.

而另一種可能對他來說並不存在

As far as either can tell, the other one doesn't exist.

這對我們來說很難理解 因為我們每一個人

This seems weird to us,

都只能了解自己所處的狀態

because each of us only experiences an individual existence,

而感覺不到其他狀態

and we don't get to see other branches.

我們和薛丁格一樣，如同那些

It's as if each of us, like Schrödinger here,

被分化成不同的狀態的珊瑚

are a kind of coral branching into different possibilities.

量子力學用數學的方法告訴我們

The mathematics of quantum mechanics tells us

這就是微小世界的法則

this is how the world works at tiny scales.

用一句話來下結論

It can be summed up in a single sentence:

所有一切可能發生的事情 都在發生

Everything that can happen, does.

這就是量子力學

That's quantum mechanics.

但是這並不代表任何事情都會發生

But this does not mean everything happens.

物理學的其他方向則能夠描述哪些可以發生

The rest of physics is about describing what can happen and what can't.

哪些不可以

What physics tells us is that everything comes down to geometry

物理學告訴我們 一切都可用幾何學解釋

and the interactions of elementary particles.

只有在這些相互作用

And things can happen only if these interactions are perfectly balanced.

都剛剛好平衡的時候

Now I'll go ahead and describe how we know about these particles,

事情才有可能發生

what they are and how this balance works.

現在我將講說明我們對這些粒子的認識

In this machine, a beam of protons and antiprotons

它們是什麼 而它們的平衡機制如何運作

are accelerated to near the speed of light

在此裝置中 質子和反質子

and brought together in a collision, producing a burst of pure energy.

都被加速到接近光速的速度

This energy is immediately converted into a spray of subatomic particles,

然後相撞 產生出一股巨大的純能量

with detectors and computers used to figure out their properties.

這些能量迅速轉化

This enormous machine --

以亞原子形式噴射出來

the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Geneva --

檢測儀和電腦將對他們的性質加以分析

has a circumference of 17 miles and, when it's operating,

這個位於日內瓦歐核中心的巨型機器名叫

draws five times as much power as the city of Monterey.

大型強子對撞機

We can't predict specifically

周長有17英里

what particles will be produced in any individual collision.

運轉時 對撞機消耗的能量相當於

Quantum mechanics tells us all possibilities are realized.

蒙特雷全市用電量的5倍

But physics does tell us what particles can be produced.

我們無法精確的猜測

These particles must have just as much mass and energy

哪些粒子會在每次對撞後產生

as is carried in by the proton and antiproton.

量子力學告訴我們一切皆有可能

Any particles more massive than this energy limit aren't produced,

但物理學告訴我們哪些粒子有可能產生

and remain invisible to us.

這些產生的粒子的數量和能量

This is why this new particle accelerator is so exciting.

都必須擁有質子和反質子的相互平衡

It's going to push this energy limit seven times

任何數量超過了這限制的粒子

beyond what's ever been done before,

都不會出現，因此我們不會看到

so we're going to get to see some new particles very soon.

這個新型粒子加速器令人無比興奮的原因

But before talking about what we might see,

就在於它達到的能量極限

let me describe the particles we already know of.

是以前的7倍多

There's a whole zoo of subatomic particles.

所以我們很快會看到新的粒子

Most of us are familiar with electrons.

在討論未知粒子之前

A lot of people in this room make a good living pushing them around.

讓我先介紹下那些已知的粒子

(Laughter)

亞原子多得都可以組成一間動物園了

But the electron also has a neutral partner called the neutrino,

大部分人都知道電子

with no electric charge and a very tiny mass.

在場的各位的工作

In contrast, the up and down quarks have very large masses,

有不少都和它密切相關

and combine in threes to make the protons and neutrons inside atoms.

(笑聲)

All of these matter particles come in left- and right-handed varieties,

電子有個不帶電的夥伴叫做中子

and have antiparticle partners that carry opposite charges.

不帶電 且有著極小的質量

These familiar particles

相反 上夸克和下夸克有較大的質量

also have less familiar second and third generations,

把三個夸克合在一起就得到

which have the same charges as the first but have much higher masses.

原子裏的質子和中子

These matter particles all interact with the various force particles.

這些粒子分為兩類 左旋和右旋

The electromagnetic force interacts with electrically charged matter

它們都有攜帶相反電荷的反粒子

via particles called photons.

這些熟悉的粒子還有我們不太熟悉的

There is also a very weak force

第二代和第三代 電量和第一代相同

called, rather unimaginatively, the weak force ...

但質量更高

(Laughter)

粒子通過基本力相互作用

that interacts only with left-handed matter.

帶電粒子通過光子傳遞電磁力

The strong force acts between quarks

相互作用

which carry a different kind of charge, called color charge,

還有一種十分微弱的力很直接的叫做弱力

and come in three different varieties: red, green and blue.

這個力只和

You can blame Murray Gell-Mann for these names -- they're his fault.

左旋的物質相作用

Finally, there's the force of gravity,

夸克以色荷為載體

which interacts with matter via its mass and spin.

通過強力相互作用

The most important thing to understand here

色荷分三種 紅 綠 藍

is that there's a different kind of charge associated with each of these forces.

這都是默里‧蓋爾曼的錯

These four different forces interact with matter

名字是他是取的

according to the corresponding charges that each particle has.

最後 就是重力 是有質量的物體

A particle that hasn't been seen yet, but we're pretty sure exists,

作用於物體 的傳遞

is the Higgs particle, which gives masses to all these other particles.

最重要的是

The main purpose of the Large Hadron Collider

每一種力都對應有

is to see this Higgs particle, and we're almost certain it will.

不同的載荷

But the greatest mystery is what else we might see.

四種力通過各自粒子所攜帶的載荷

And I'm going to show you one beautiful possibility

和物質發生作用

towards the end of this talk.

有一種我們沒見過但確信存在的粒子

Now, if we count up all these different particles

稱為希格斯粒子 它使所有粒子有了質量

using their various spins and charges,

大型強子對撞機的主要目的

there are 226.

是發現希格斯粒子 我們確信可以做到

That's a lot of particles to keep track of.

但最大的奧秘在於我們還能看到什麼

And it seems strange

我會在演講最後向你們展示

that nature would have so many elementary particles.

這美好的可能性

But if we plot them out according to their charges,

現在 如果我們用不同的自旋和載荷

some beautiful patterns emerge.

計算所有可能的粒子 共有226種

The most familiar charge is electric charge.

數目大得驚人

Electrons have an electric charge,

大自然擁有這麼多的基本粒子

a negative one,

是多奇妙的一件事阿

and quarks have electric charges in thirds.

但如果我們按他們各自的載荷把他們畫出來

So when two up quarks and a down quark are combined to make a proton,

會出現一些美麗的圖案

it has a total electric charge of plus one.

我們最熟悉的載荷是電荷

These particles also have antiparticles, which have opposite charges.

電子擁有一個負電荷

Now, it turns out the electric charge

而夸克擁有1/3的電荷

is actually a combination of two other charges:

由2個上夸克和1個下夸克

hypercharge and weak charge.

生成的質子有一個正電荷

If we spread out the hypercharge and weak charge

粒子還有極性相反的反粒子

and plot the charges of particles in this two-dimensional charge space,

我們發現電荷實際上

the electric charge is where these particles sit

是另兩種載荷的結合

along the vertical direction.

超荷和弱荷

The electromagnetic and weak forces interact with matter

如果我們把超荷和弱荷分開

according to their hypercharge and weak charge,

在這個二度載荷空間上畫出粒子的載荷

which make this pattern.

電荷就在這些粒子的

This is called the unified electroweak model,

垂直方向上

and it was put together back in 1967.

電磁力和弱力通過超荷和弱荷

The reason most of us are only familiar with electric charge

與物質相互作用

and not both of these is because of the Higgs particle.

而形成這一型式

The Higgs, over here on the left, has a large mass

我們稱之為電弱統一模型

and breaks the symmetry of this electroweak pattern.

於1967年提出

It makes the weak force very weak by giving the weak particles a large mass.

因為希格斯粒子的緣故 我們只對電荷有瞭解

Since this massive Higgs sits along the horizontal direction in this diagram,

卻不知道超荷和弱荷

the photons of electromagnetism remain massless

左邊的希格斯粒子質量很大

and interact with electric charge along the vertical direction

破壞了電弱型式的對稱性

in this charge space.

通過給弱子較大的質量

So the electromagnetic and weak forces

使弱力更加弱

are described by this pattern of particle charges

由於大量的希格斯粒子在水準方向分佈

in two-dimensional space.

產生電磁力的光子仍然沒有質量

We can include the strong force by spreading out its two charge directions

而且在載荷空間中和電荷

and plotting the charges of the force particles in quarks

相互作用

along these directions.

所以電磁力和弱力在這個二度空間中

The charges of all known particles

通過粒子載荷的型式表示出來

can be plotted in a four-dimensional charge space,

我們可以把強力沿兩個載荷的方向表示出來

and projected down to two dimensions like this so we can see them.

然後將載荷用夸克形式

Whenever particles interact, nature keeps things in a perfect balance

沿這兩個方向畫出來

along all four of these charge directions.

所有已知粒子的載荷可以

If a particle and an antiparticle collide,

在四度空間中畫出來 然後投影到

it creates a burst of energy and a total charge of zero

二度空間 以便我們能觀察到

in all four charge directions.

無論粒子如何作用 自然會在這四個載荷方向上

At this point, anything can be created

保持完美的平衡

as long as it has the same energy and maintains a total charge of zero.

一個粒子如果和它的反粒子相撞 會產生能量

For example, this weak force particle and its antiparticle

四個電荷方向的載荷疊加變為零

can be created in a collision.

這樣 只要保持能量相同和載荷總量為零

In further interactions, the charges must always balance.

可以產生任何物質

One of the weak particles could decay into an electron and an antineutrino,

比如說 這個弱子和它的反粒子

and these three still add to zero total charge.

可以在碰撞中產生

Nature always keeps a perfect balance.

在之後的相互作用中 載荷必須保持平衡

So these patterns of charges are not just pretty.

一個弱子可以衰退成一個電子

They tell us what interactions are allowed to happen.

和一個反中微子

And we can rotate this charge space in four dimensions

而這三個的總載荷仍然是零

to get a better look at the strong interaction,

大自然總是會保持完美的平衡

which has this nice hexagonal symmetry.

所以這些電荷的型式不僅漂亮

In a strong interaction, a strong force particle,

還告訴我們 什麼樣的相互作用是符合規則的

such as this one,

如果在四度空間中旋轉載荷空間

interacts with a colored quark, such as this green one,

可以從更好的角度觀察強相互作用

to give a quark with a different color charge -- this red one.

也就是這個美麗的對稱六角形結構

And strong interactions are happening millions of times

在強相互作用中 強子 比如說這個

each second in every atom of our bodies,

會和有色夸克相互作用 比如這個綠夸克

holding the atomic nuclei together.

這樣的作用會讓夸克帶上不同的色荷 比如這個紅夸克

But these four charges corresponding to three forces

強相互作用每秒鐘會在我們身體的

are not the end of the story.

每個原子裏發生上百萬次

We can also include two more charges corresponding to the gravitational force.

使原子核保持一體

When we include these,

但是和三種力相對應的這四種載荷

each matter particle has two different spin charges,

還不是終點

spin-up and spin-down.

我們還可以根據重力

So they all split and give a nice pattern in six-dimensional charge space.

導入兩個載荷

We can rotate this pattern in six dimensions

導入後 每個粒子會有

and see that it's quite pretty.

自旋向上和自旋向下兩種自旋載荷

Right now, this pattern matches our best current knowledge

若把它們全部分開 會在六度載荷空間中

of how nature is built at the tiny scales of these elementary particles.

形成漂亮的圖案

This is what we know for certain.

在六度空間中將這個圖案進行旋轉

Some of these particles are at the very limit

我們會發現它十分漂亮

of what we've been able to reach with experiments.

這個圖案把我們已知的

From this pattern

自然界在微觀小世界中的粒子組成

we already know the particle physics of these tiny scales --

完全呈現出來了

the way the universe works at these tiny scales is very beautiful.

這是我們能確定的

But now I'm going to discuss some new and old ideas

其中的一些粒子

about things we don't know yet.

在實驗中很難看到

We want to expand this pattern using mathematics alone,

從這個規則中 我們瞭解了微小世界的粒子組成

and see if we can get our hands on the whole enchilada.

宇宙在這種微小世界中的運行模式

We want to find all the particles and forces

是異常美麗的

that make a complete picture of our universe.

接下去 我想講一下關於未知領域的

And we want to use this picture to predict new particles

一些新的老觀念

that we'll see when experiments reach higher energies.

我們把這個型式規則 用數學方法進一步擴展

So there's an old idea in particle physics

看看能不能俯瞰全貌

that this known pattern of charges,

我們希望找到構成宇宙的

which is not very symmetric,

所有種類的粒子和力量

could emerge from a more perfect pattern that gets broken --

然後在獲得更高能量進行實驗之前

similar to how the Higgs particle breaks the electroweak pattern

用這幅規則預測新的粒子

to give electromagnetism.

量子物理學的舊觀念認為

In order to do this, we need to introduce new forces

這個不對稱的載荷圖案

with new charge directions.

源自於一個更完美的圖案

When we introduce a new direction,

跟希格斯粒子使電弱圖案分裂

we get to guess what charges the particles have along this direction,

產生電磁力是一個道理