Each one has a unique personality and is headed in a distinct direction.

城市，就像是一個大型 一夫多妻家庭中的手足。

But they all have somewhat shared origins.

每個城市都有獨特的人格， 且朝向不同的方向前進。

Sometimes I think postcolonial cities are like the children

但它們都有著共同的源頭。

of the two least-favorite wives,

有時，我認為後殖民城市

who are constantly being asked,

就像是兩個最不被喜愛的 妻子所生的孩子，

"Ah, why can't you be more like your sister?"

總是被質問：

(Laughter)

「你為什麼不能更像你姐姐一點？」

The "why" of cities is largely the same, no matter where they are:

（笑聲）

an advantageous location that makes trade and administration possible;

城市的「為什麼」大部份是 相同的，不論位在哪裡：

the potential for scalable opportunities

能讓貿易與行政 成為可能的有利位置；

for the skilled and unskilled alike;

對於有技能與無技能者，

a popular willingness to be in constant flux

有可擴展之機會的潛力；

and, of course, resilience.

大眾有意願處在經常的變遷中，

The "how" of cities, however, is a whole other story.

當然，還有恢復力。

How are they run?

然而，城市的「如何」 又是另一回事了。

How do they grow?

它們如何運作？

How do they decide who belongs and who doesn't?

它們如何成長？

Lagos is my home.

它們如何決定誰屬於、 誰不屬於它們？

You can always find the Nigerians

拉哥斯是我的家鄉。

by following the noise and the dancing, right?

只要順著噪音以及舞蹈，

(Laughter)

你總是能夠找到奈及利亞人，對吧？

Like any major city, that place is a lot of things,

（笑聲）

many of which are highly contradictory.

和任何大城市一樣， 拉哥斯有許多特質，

Our public transportation doesn't quite work,

當中有不少都非常矛盾。

so we have these privately owned bright yellow buses

我們的大眾運輸系統不太有用，

that regularly cause accidents.

所以我們有亮黃色的私有巴士，

Luxury car showrooms line badly maintained and often flooded roads.

它們常造成意外事故。

Street evangelism is only slightly less ubiquitous

維護很差且常淹水的道路邊 滿是豪華車展示中心。

than street harassment.

街頭福音傳道只比街頭騷擾

Sex workers sometimes have two degrees, a bank job

稍微不那麼普遍一點點。

and a prominent role in church.

有的性工作者同時有 兩個學位、一份銀行工作、

(Laughter)

以及教堂中的一個要角。

On any given day,

（笑聲）

there can be either a party or a burned body

在任何一個日子，

in the middle of a street.

街道中央可能會有一個派對，

There is so much that is possible in Lagos

或是一具被燒死的屍體。

and so much that isn't,

在拉哥斯，非常多事情 都是有可能的，

and very often the difference between possibility and impossibility

也有非常多不是，

is simply who you are,

而通常，可能與不可能之間的差別，

and if you're lucky enough, who you're connected to.

就只在於你是誰，

Belonging in Lagos is a fluid concept

如果你夠幸運有人脈，那也會有關。

determined by ethnic origin, sexual orientation, gender,

屬於拉哥斯是一種流動的概念，

but most visibly and often most violently,

決定因子包括人種、性向、性別，

class.

但最能看見且通常也最極端的因子，

Before Nigeria became a country,

是階級。

fisherpeople from the inland creeks started to come down the Lagos lagoon

在奈及利亞成為國家之前，

and establish villages along the coast.

來自內陸小溪的漁民， 開始來到拉哥斯的環礁湖，

About 60 years later, my grandfather, Oludotun Adekunle Kukoyi,

沿著海岸建立村莊。

also arrived in Lagos.

大約六十年後，我的祖父 歐魯多頓阿迪庫諾庫柯伊

Like me, he was an alumnus of the University of Ibadan,

也到了拉哥斯。

a young member of the educated elite in the independence era.

和我一樣，他也是 伊巴丹大學的校友，

Over time, he built an illustrious career as a land surveyor,

在獨立時代中受教育的年輕菁英。

mapping out now-bustling neighborhoods

隨時間，他身為一名土地勘察員， 建立起了著越的事業，

when they were just waist-high wild grass.

在現在熱鬧的街坊區域還只是

He died when I was nine.

及腰野草叢生的時候就將之規劃好。

And by that time, my family, like the families of those fisherpeople,

他過世時我才九歲。

knew Lagos as home.

那時，我的家人就已經 和那些漁民的家人一樣，

Among the Yoruba, we have a saying,

把拉哥斯視為家鄉。

"Èkó gb'olè, ó gb'ọ̀lẹ,"

我們約魯巴人有一句諺語：

which can be translated to mean that Lagos will welcome anyone.

「Èkó gb’olè, ó gb’ọ̀lẹ,」

But that saying is becoming less and less true.

可以翻譯為：拉哥斯歡迎任何人。

Many Lagosians, including the descendants of those fisherpeople

但那句諺語越來越沒有真實性了。

who arrived generations before my grandfather,

許多拉哥斯人，包括 比我祖父還要早幾世代

are now being pushed out

就抵達拉哥斯的那些漁民的後裔，

to make room for an emergent city

現在正在被趕出去，

that has been described as "the new Dubai."

就為了替一個被描述成

You see, Lagos inspires big dreams, even in its leaders,

「新杜拜」的新興城市製造空間。

and successive governments have declared aspirations

你們知道，拉哥斯能鼓舞大夢想， 甚至能鼓舞到它的領導者，

towards a megacity where poverty does not exist.

接替的政府宣佈了朝向沒有貧窮之

Unfortunately, instead of focusing on the eradication of poverty

百萬人口大城市邁進的熱望。

as you would expect,

不幸的是，重心並沒有 如你所預期的

the strategy of choice focuses on eliminating the poor.

被放在杜絕貧窮上，

Last October, the Governor announced plans

政府選擇的策略，著重在消滅窮人。

to demolish every single waterfront settlement in Lagos.

去年十月，總督宣佈了一些計畫，

There are more than 40 of these indigenous communities

要將拉哥斯的每一個 濱水居住地給拆除。

all over the city,

整個城市中有超過四十個

with over 300,000 people living in them.

像這樣的原住民社區，

Otodo Gbame,

有超過三十萬人住在其中。

a hundred-year-old fishing village

歐特杜巴美，

with a population about three-quarters that of Monaco

一個有百年歷史的漁村，

and similar potential for beachfront luxury --

人口大約是摩納哥的四分之三，

(Laughter)

也有類似的海濱奢侈潛力──

was one of the first to be targeted.

（笑聲）

I first heard of Otodo Gbame after the demolition started.

它被列為首要目標之一。

When I visited in November 2016, I met Magdalene Aiyefoju.

我第一次聽到歐特杜巴美， 是在拆除開始之後。

She is a now-homeless woman

當我在 2016 年 11 月造訪時， 我遇到了瑪德蓮艾伊佛茱，

whose surname means, "the world is blind."

她現在是個無家可歸的女子，

Magdalene's son Basil was one of over 20 people

她的姓氏意味著「世界是盲目的」。

who were shot, drowned

在那次土地霸佔中， 有二十個人被射殺、淹死、

or presumed dead in that land grab.

或認定死亡，

Standing outside her shelter, I saw the two white-sand football fields

而瑪德蓮的兒子巴索是其中之一。

where Basil used to play.

我站在她的庇護所外， 看見兩塊白沙足球場，

Spread all around us were the ruins of schools, churches,

巴索以前會在那兒玩。

a primary health center, shops,

我們周圍盡是學校、教堂、

thousands of homes.

基層健康中心、商店、

Young children enthusiastically helped to put up shelters,

及數以千計家園的斷垣殘壁。

and about 5,000 of the residents, with nowhere else to go,

年輕的孩子熱心地協助搭起庇護所，

simply stayed put.

大約五千名居民沒有地方可以去，

And then in April,

就只留在原處。

state security personnel came back.

接著，在四月，

This time, they cleared the community out completely,

國家安全人員回來了。

with beatings, bullets and fire.

這次，他們完全把社區給清除，

As I speak, there are construction crews preparing Otodo Gbame's beaches

用的是毒打、子彈、和放火。

for anyone who can afford a multi-million-dollar view.

我說話的同時，建造人員正在 歐特杜巴美的海灘做準備，

The new development is called "Periwinkle Estate."

為任何能付擔得起百萬元 景色的人重新打造它。

Forced evictions are incredibly violent and, of course, unconstitutional.

這新開發稱為「長春花莊園」。

And yet, they happen so often in so many of our cities,

強迫驅逐非常暴力， 當然，也非常違反憲法。

because the first thing we are taught to forget about poor people

但這種事卻經常在我們 許多的城市中發生，

is that they are people.

因為我們被教導，關於窮人， 要忘掉的第一件事，

We believe that a home is a thing a person absolutely has a right to,

就是他們也是人。

unless the person is poor and the home is built a certain way

我們相信，任何人都 有權利擁有一個家，

in a certain neighborhood.

除非那個人很窮， 且那個家是在特定的街坊

But there is no single definition of the word "home."

以特定方式建立的。

After all, what is a slum besides an organic response

但對於「家」這個字， 並沒有單一的定義。

to acute housing deficits and income inequality?

畢竟，除了是對嚴重 住房不足及收入不平等的

And what is a shanty if not a person making a home for themselves

基本回應之外， 貧民窟還能是什麼？

against all odds?

如果不是人們克服一切困難 來為自己打造的家，

Slums are an imperfect housing solution,

那麼小屋還能是什麼？

but they are also prime examples of the innovation, adaptability

貧民窟是不完美的住房解決方案，

and resilience at the foundation --

但它們也是創新、適應、 及恢復的好例子，

and the heart --

從基礎上來看是如此，

of every functional city.

從心來看亦是如此，

You don't need to be the new Dubai

對每個功能性城市皆是。

when you're already Lagos.

如果你已經是拉哥斯了，

(Applause)

你不需要成為新杜拜。

We have our own identity,

（掌聲）

our own rhythm,

我們有我們自己的身份、

and as anyone who knows Lagos can tell you,

自己的節奏，

poor Lagosians are very often the source of the city's character.

任何認識拉哥斯的人都能告訴你，

Without its poor, Lagos would not be known for its music

貧窮的拉哥斯人常常就是 該城市之性格的來源。

or its endless energy

沒有窮人，拉哥斯就 不會有它知名的音樂、

or even the fact that you can buy an ice cold drink or a puppy

或無盡的能量、

through your car window.

或甚至是你能夠透過 車窗就購買到冰飲

(Laughter)

或小狗的特色。

The conditions that cause us to define certain neighborhoods as slums

（笑聲）

can be effectively improved,

讓我們將某些街坊定義為 貧民窟的那些條件，

but not without recognizing the humanity and the agency

可以被有效地改善，

of the people living in them.

但不該是用這種不承認其居民之人性

In Lagos, where public goods are rarely publicly available,

及作用的方式。

slum dwellers are often at the forefront of innovating solutions.

在拉哥斯，公共財 很少是大眾能取得的，

After being disconnected from the grid for months

貧民窟居民通常是在 創新解決方案的最前線。

because the power company couldn't figure out how to collect bills,

只因為電力公司無法想出

one settlement designed a system that collectivized remittances

要如何收電費，造成斷電數月，

and got everyone cheaper rates into the bargain.

一個居住地就設計了一個系統，

Another settlement created a reform program

將匯款集體化，

that hires local bad boys as security.

並討價還價幫大家 爭取比較優的費率。

They know every trick and every hideout,

另一個居住地創造了一個自新專案，

so now troublemakers are more likely to get caught and reported to police

僱用壞男孩來做保全。

and fewer of the youth end up engaging in criminal activity.

他們知道各種技倆以及躲藏處，

Yet another settlement recently completed

所以製造麻煩者現在 更可能會被抓到並交給警方，

a flood-safe, eco-friendly communal toilet system.

更少年輕人會參與犯罪活動。

Models like these are being adopted across Lagos.

還有另一個居住地在近期完成了

Informal settlements are incorrectly named as the problem.

一個不怕水災的環保社區廁所系統。

In fact, the real problems are the factors that create them,

像這類的模型被用在拉哥斯各地。

like the entrenchment of poverty,

非正式的居住地被誤認定是問題。

social exclusion

事實上，真正的問題是 創造它們的那些因子，

and state failures.

比如貧窮的防堵、

When our governments frame slums as threats

社會排除、

in order to justify violent land grabs or forced evictions,

及國家失靈。

they're counting on those of us who live in formal housing

當我們的政府把 貧民窟貼上威脅的標籤，

to tacitly and ignorantly agree with them.

來正當化其暴力 土地霸佔或強迫驅逐，

Rather, we must remind them

他們要靠我們這些 住在正式住房中的人，

that governments exist to serve not only those who build

能夠沉默地、漠視地認同這些作為。

and live in luxury homes,

但我們反而應該要提醒他們，

but also those who clean and guard them.

政府存在的目的不只是服務那些

Our --

建立和居住在奢侈家園的人，

(Applause)

也要服務那些清理 和保衛這些家園的人。

our realities may differ,

我們的──

but our rights don't.

（掌聲）

The Lagos state government,

我們的現實可能不同，

like far too many on our continent,

但我們的權利不該有所不同。

pays lip service to ideas of inclusion,

拉哥斯的國家政府，

while acting as though progress can only be achieved

就像我們大陸上太多的國家政府，

by the erasure, exploitation and even elimination of groups

包容的理念都說得很好聽，

it considers expendable.

但行為卻好像是 一定要透過消除、利用、

People living with disabilities who hawk or beg on Lagos streets

甚至消滅那些被它認為 可犧牲之族群的方式，

are rounded up, extorted

才能產生進展。

and detained.

在拉哥斯街頭靠著叫賣 或乞討來維生的殘障人士

Women in low-income neighborhoods are picked up

被圍捕、勒索、

and charged with prostitution,

拘留。

regardless of what they actually do for a living.

低收入街坊的女性會被逮捕，

Gay citizens are scapegoated to distract from real political problems.

並被控告賣淫，

But people, like cities, are resilient,

不論她們實際上謀生的工作是什麼。

and no amount of legislation or intimidation or violence

同性戀市民被當作代罪羔羊， 以將焦點從政治問題拉走。

can fully eliminate any of us.

但就像城市一樣， 人們也是有適應力的，

Prostitutes, women and women who work as prostitutes

不論有多少立法、恐嚇、或暴力，

still haven't gone extinct,

都無法將我們任何人完全消滅。

despite centuries of active suppression.

妓女，女性以及以身為妓女的女性，

Queer Africans continue to exist,

仍然還沒有滅絕，

even though queerness is now criminalized in most parts of the continent.

即便經過幾世紀的 積極壓迫也沒有滅絕。

And I'm fairly certain that poor people don't generally tend to just disappear

酷兒（譯註：同性、雙性、 變性者）非洲人仍然存在，

because they've been stripped of everything they have.

即使現在在這塊大陸上大部份 地方都把酷兒視為犯罪。

We are all already here,

我十分確定一點， 奪去窮人所擁有的一切，

and that answers the question

通常並不會讓他們消失。

of whether or not we belong.

我們都已經在這裡，

When those fisherpeople started to sail down the lagoon

那就是「我們是否屬於這裡」

in search of new homes,

這個問題的答案。

it could not have occurred to them

當那些漁民開始航向環礁湖，

that the city that would rise up around them

尋找新家，

would one day insist that they do not belong in it.

他們可能都不曾想到過，

I like to believe that my grandfather,

這個在他們周邊發展起的城市，

in mapping new frontiers for Lagos,

有一天會堅持認定他們不屬於這裡。

was trying to open it up

我想相信我的祖父，

to make room for other people to be welcomed by the city

在為拉哥斯畫出新邊界時，

in the same way that he was.

是試圖要將它開放的，

On my way here, my grandma called me

騰出空間給其他人， 讓他們被這個城市所歡迎，

to remind me how proud she was,

就像他當初被歡迎一樣。

how proud [my grandfather] and my mother would have been.

我來這裡的路上， 我的祖母打電話給我，

I am their dreams come true.

提醒我她有多麼為我感到驕傲，

But there is no reason why their dreams -- or mine, for that matter --

如果我祖父和母親還在世 會多麼為我感到驕傲。

are allowed to come true

我就是他們的夢想被實現了。

while those of others are turned to nightmares.

但沒有理由為什麼他們的夢想 ──或我的夢想，就此而言──

And lest we forget:

會被允許實現，

the minimum requirement for a dream

但其他人的夢想卻變為惡夢。

is a safe place to lay your head.

我們不能忘記：

It is too late now for Basil,

夢想的最低需求是

but not for Magdalene,

是要有一個安全的地方可以安眠。

not for the hundreds of thousands,

對巴索而言已經太遲了，

the millions still under threat in Lagos

但對瑪德蓮還沒太遲，

or any of our cities.

對成千上百、數百萬

The world does not have to remain blind

在拉哥斯或我們其他任何城市中

to the suffering that is created when we deny people's humanity,

受威脅的人，還沒太遲。

or even to the incredible potential for growth that exists

世界不用一直是盲目的，

when we recognize and value all contributions.

不用一直看不見我們否認 人性時所造成的苦難，

We must hold our governments

或看不見當我們 認可和珍視所有貢獻時

and ourselves

所產生的驚人成長潛能。

accountable

我們必須要讓我們的政府

for keeping our shared cities safe for everyone in them,

以及我們自己

because the only cities worth building --

負責任，

indeed, the only futures worth dreaming of --

為城市中的每個人， 保持我們共有之城市的安全，

are those that include all of us,

因為唯一值得建造的城市──

no matter who we are

更確切說，唯一值得夢想的未來──

or how we make homes for ourselves.

是要包含我們所有人的，

Thank you.

不論我們是什麼人、

(Applause)

不論我們如何為自己建立家園。