All of us in this room will experience loneliness

寂寞

at some point in our lives.

在場的每一個人都會 在人生中的某個時點

Loneliness is not a function of being alone,

經歷到寂寞

but rather, a function of how socially connected you are

寂寞並不是獨處的結果

to those around you.

相反，寂寞體現了你和身邊的人

There could be somebody in this room right now

在社交層面上的連結有多強

surrounded by a thousand people

現在這裡就可能有人

experiencing loneliness.

雖然被數以千計的人圍繞

And while loneliness can be attributed to many things,

但卻經歷著寂寞

as an architect,

雖然造成寂寞的原因很多

I'm going to tell you today how loneliness can be the result

身為建築師

of our built environments --

今天我要告訴各位的是 我們建立的環境

the very homes we choose to live in.

我們選擇居住的家

Let's take a look at this house.

如何會造成寂寞

It's a nice house.

我們來看看這間房子

There's a big yard, picket fence,

這是間很棒的房子

two-car garage.

有大庭院、尖木梉圍籬

And the home might be in a neighborhood like this.

可停兩台車的車庫

And for many people around the globe,

它所處的街坊可能是這個樣子的

this home, this neighborhood --

對全球各地的許多人而言

it's a dream.

這個家、這個街坊

And yet the danger of achieving this dream

是他們的夢想

is a false sense of connection

但，實現這個夢想的危險是

and an increase in social isolation.

一種虛假的連結感

I know, I can hear you now,

以及社會隔離增加

there's somebody in the room screaming at me inside their head,

我知道，我能聽見

"That's my house, and that's my neighborhood,

這裡有人在腦海中對我大叫：

and I know everyone on my block!"

「那是我的房子，那是我的街坊，

To which I would answer, "Terrific!"

且我認識我那個街區中的每個人！」

And I wish there were more people like you,

我對此的回答會是：「非常好！」

because I'd wager to guess there's more people in the room

我希望能有更多人像你一樣

living in a similar situation

因為我敢大膽猜測 在這裡有更多人

that might not know their neighbors.

住在類似的地點

They might recognize them and say hello,

卻可能不認識他們的鄰居

but under their breath,

他們可能會認得鄰居並打招呼

they're asking their spouse,

但他們會偷偷地

"What was their name again?"

問另一半：

so they can ask a question by name to signify they know them.

「能否再告訴我一次 他們叫什麼名字？」

Social media also contributes to this false sense of connection.

這樣他們才能 在問鄰居問題時加上名字

This image is probably all too familiar.

以顯示自己認得他們

You're standing in the elevator,

社交媒體也是這種虛假連結感的成因

sitting in a cafe,

這張圖片可能非常眼熟

and you look around,

你站在電梯裡

and everyone's on their phone.

坐在咖啡廳中

You're not texting or checking Facebook,

你看向四周

but everyone else is,

每個人都在用手機

and maybe, like me, you've been in a situation

你沒有在傳訊息或是看臉書

where you've made eye contact,

但其他所有人都在這麼做

smiled and said hello,

也許，你們也有遇過 跟我一樣的情況

and have that person yank out their earbuds

當你和別人做眼神接觸時

and say, "I'm sorry, what did you say?"

你微笑並打招呼

I find this incredibly isolating.

而對方馬上扯下他的耳機

The concept I'd like to share with you today

說：「對不起，你剛剛說什麼？」

is an antidote to isolation.

我覺得這種狀況非常有孤離感

It's not a new concept.

今天我想呈現給大家的概念

In fact, it's an age-old way of living,

是孤離的解藥

and it still exists in many non-European cultures

它不是個新概念

around the world.

事實上，它是由來已久的生活方式

And about 50 years ago,

它仍然存在於全世界許多

the Danes decided to make up a new name,

非歐洲文化中

and since then,

大約 50 年前

tens of thousands of Danish people have been living in this connected way.

丹麥人決定要為這個概念 造出一個新名字

And it's being pursued more widely around the globe

此後

as people are seeking community.

數以萬計的丹麥人就一直沿襲 這種連結的方式生活著

This concept

而在全球有更多在尋求社區的人群

is cohousing.

在追求這個概念

Cohousing is an intentional neighborhood where people know each other

這個概念

and look after one another.

就是共宅（cohousing）

In cohousing, you have your own home,

共宅是一種有意圖的鄰坊 在這裡人們彼此認識

but you also share significant spaces, both indoors and out.

並彼此照顧

Before I show you some pictures of cohousing,

在共宅中，你有你自己的家

I'd like to first introduce you to my friends Sheila and Spencer.

但大家也共享大量的 室內和室外空間

When I first met Sheila and Spencer, they were just entering their 60s,

在我給大家看一些共宅的照片之前

and Spencer was looking ahead at the end of a long career

我想先介紹我的朋友席菈和史賓賽

in elementary education.

我初次見到席菈和史賓賽時 他們才六十多歲

And he really disliked the idea

史賓賽在初等教育的職涯

that he might not have children in his life

即將告一段落

upon retirement.

他真的很不希望

They're now my neighbors.

在退休時他的人生中

We live in a cohousing community that I not only designed,

沒有任何孩子

but developed

他們現在是我的鄰居

and have my architecture practice in.

我們住在一個

This community is very intentional about our social interactions.

融入了我建築實踐的

So let me take you on a tour.

由我設計和開發的社區

From the outside, we look like any other small apartment building.

這個社區很注重社交互動

In fact, we look identical to the one next door,

讓我帶大家逛一圈

except that we're bright yellow.

從外觀來看，我們和 任何其他公寓建築沒兩樣

Inside, the homes are fairly conventional.

事實上，我們和隔壁棟一模一樣

We all have living rooms and kitchens,

只差在我們的顏色是亮黃色

bedrooms and baths,

這些家的內部都很傳統

and there are nine of these homes around a central courtyard.

我們都有客廳、廚房

This one's mine,

臥房、浴室

and this one is Spencer and Sheila's.

在中央天井周圍 有九間這樣子的家

The thing that makes this building uniquely cohousing

這間是我的

are not the homes,

這間是席菈和史賓賽的

but rather, what happens here --

這棟大樓之所以是獨特的共宅

the social interactions that happen in and around that central courtyard.

關鍵不是在這些家

When I look across the courtyard,

而是在這裡

I look forward to see Spencer and Sheila.

在中央天井中以及其周圍 所發生的社交互動

In fact, every morning, this is what I see,

當我看向天井的另一邊

Spencer waving at me furiously as we're making our breakfasts.

我會期待看到席菈和史賓賽

From our homes, we look down into the courtyard,

事實上，每天早上 我看到的都是這個畫面

and depending on the time of year,

我們在做早餐時 史賓賽會向我猛揮手

we see this:

從我們的家 向下可看到天井內部

kids and grownups in various combinations

每年不同時候看到的會有所不同

playing and hanging out with each other.

我們會看到這些：

There's a lot of giggling and chatter.

小孩跟大人打成一片

There's a lot of hula-hooping.

他們在一起玩樂，一起打發時間

And every now and then, "Hey, quit hitting me!"

充滿著歡聲笑語

or a cry from one of the kids.

有很多人玩呼啦圈

These are the sounds of our daily lives,

偶爾，會有「嘿！別再打我了！」

and the sounds of social connectedness.

或是其中一個孩子的一聲大叫

At the bottom of the courtyard, there are a set of double doors,

這些，是我們日常生活的聲音

and those lead into the common house.

也是社交連結的聲音

I consider the common house the secret sauce of cohousing.

在天井底部，有一組雙開的門

It's the secret sauce

那些門通往公用房

because it's the place where the social interactions

我把公用房視為是共宅的秘製醬料

and community life begin,

之所以說它是秘製醬料

and from there, it radiates out through the rest of the community.

是因為社交互動和社區生活

Inside our common house, we have a large dining room

是以它為源頭

to seat all 28 of us and our guests,

輻射至社區的其餘地方

and we dine together three times a week.

在我們的公用房中 有一個大型的餐廳

In support of those meals, we have a large kitchen

能容得下我們全部 28 人和客人

so that we can take turns cooking for each other

我們一週有三次一起吃飯

in teams of three.

我們有個大型的廚房以供應餐點

So that means, with 17 adults,

那我們就能以三人為一組

I lead cook once every six weeks.

輪流為彼此下廚

Two other times, I show up and help my team

我們有 17 個成人，就意味著

with the preparation and cleanup.

每六週我就要主導一次下廚

And all those other nights,

另外兩次，我會出席並協助

I just show up.

負責事前準備和事後清理

I have dinner, talk with my neighbors,

剩下其他的晚上

and I go home, having been fed a delicious meal

我只要出席就好

by someone who cares about my vegetarian preferences.

我吃晚餐，和鄰居聊天

Our nine families have intentionally chosen

在飽餐了由一頓關心我的人所煮的

an alternative way of living.

美味食物之後，回家

Instead of pursuing the American dream,

我們的九個家庭，是刻意選擇

where we might have been isolated in our single-family homes,

這一種生活方式的

we instead chose cohousing,

我們並不追求

so that we can increase our social connections.

可能會被隔離在 自己單一家庭的美國夢

And that's how cohousing starts:

相反，我們選擇共宅

with a shared intention

這樣我們才能增加我們的社交連結

to live collaboratively.

共宅就是這麼開始的

And intention is the single most important characteristic

有一個共同的意圖

that differentiates cohousing from any other housing model.

想要以協作方式過生活

And while intention is difficult to see

區分共宅與其他住房模型

or even show,

最重要的特徵，就是意圖

I'm an architect, and I can't help but show you more pictures.

雖然意圖很難被看見

So here are a few examples to illustrate

甚至很難呈現

how intention has been expressed

但我是個建築師 我忍不住想讓你們看更多照片

in some of the communities I've visited.

這裡有幾個例子，可以說明

Through the careful selection of furniture,

在我所造訪的一些社區中

lighting and acoustic materials to support eating together;

意圖是如何被表達出來的

in the careful visual location and visual access

通過細心挑選、以便共同用餐的

to kids' play areas around and inside the common house;

傢具、照明、以及隔音材料

in the consideration of scale

精心設計的視覺位置和視覺門徑

and distribution of social gathering nodes

通往公共房屋內外的兒童遊樂區

in and around the community to support our daily lives,

考量社區內部及周圍的

all of these spaces help contribute to and elevate

社交聚集點其規模以及分佈

the sense of communitas

以滿足我們日常生活需要

in each community.

所有這些空間都協助促成

What was that word? "Communitas."

及提升每個社區中的

Communitas is a fancy social science way of saying "spirit of community."

交融感 (communitas)

And in visiting over 80 different communities,

「交融」這個詞是什麼意思？

my measure of communitas became:

交融就是「社區精神」的酷炫說法

How frequently did residents eat together?

我造訪了超過八十個不同的社區

While it's completely up to each group

我對於交融度的衡量方式變成是：

how frequently they have common meals,

居民有多常在一起吃飯？

I know some that have eaten together every single night

不過他們多常一起吃飯

for the past 40 years.

會因不同群體而異

I know others

我認識一些持續四十年

that have an occasional potluck once or twice a month.

每晚都跟別人一起吃飯的人

And from my observations, I can tell you,

我也認識一些人

those that eat together more frequently,

一個月會有一、兩次的聚餐

exhibit higher levels of communitas.

根據我的觀察，我可以告訴各位

It turns out, when you eat together,

比較常與人一起吃飯的人

you start planning more activities together.

會展現出比較高的交融度

When you eat together, you share more things.

結果發現，當大家一起吃飯時

You start to watch each other's kids.

就會規劃更多一起做的活動

You lend our your power tools. You borrow each other's cars.

一起吃飯時會分享更多事

And despite all this,

你們會開始幫彼此顧孩子

as my daughter loves to say,

你把你的電動工具借出去 你們借用彼此的汽車

everything is not rainbows and unicorns in cohousing,

儘管如此

and I'm not best friends with every single person in my community.

如同我女兒很愛說的

We even have differences and conflicts.

在共宅中的一切 並不是彩虹和獨角獸

But living in cohousing, we're intentional about our relationships.

我不能與我社區中每個人都成為好友

We're motivated to resolve our differences.

我們甚至會有歧見和衝突

We follow up, we check in,

但住在共宅中

we speak our personal truths

我們對於彼此的關係是有意圖的

and, when appropriate,

我們會有動機要化解我們的歧見

we apologize.

我們採取進一步行動，我們溝通

Skeptics will say that cohousing is only interesting or attractive

我們說出我們個人的實話

to a very small group of people.

並在適當時機

And I'll agree with that.

我們會道歉

If you look at Western cultures around the globe,

懷疑論者會說 只有一小群人會覺得共宅

those living in cohousing are just a fractional percent.

是有趣且有吸引力的

But that needs to change,

我同意那個說法

because our very lives depend upon it.

如果你看看全球的西方文化

In 2015, Brigham Young University completed a study

住在共宅的人佔的百分比很低

that showed a significant increase risk of premature death

但那必須要改變

in those who were living in isolation.

因為那關係到我們的生命

The US Surgeon General has declared isolation

在 2015 年 楊百翰大學完成了一項研究

to be a public health epidemic.

指出獨自居住者的提早死亡風險

And this epidemic is not restricted to the US alone.

有明顯增加

So when I said earlier

美國衛生局局長聲名

that cohousing is an antidote to isolation,

將孤離納入為一種公共衛生流行病

what I should have said

而這項流行病並不只會在美國發生

is that cohousing can save your life.

所以我先前才會說

If I was a doctor, I would tell you to take two aspirin,

共宅是孤離的解藥

and call me in the morning.

我其實應該要說

But as an architect,

共宅能救你一命

I'm going to suggest that you take a walk with your neighbor,

如果我是醫生 我會告訴你吃兩顆阿斯匹靈

share a meal together,

早上再打電話給我

and call me in 20 years.

但身為建築師

Thank you.

我的建議是，和你的鄰居去散步

(Applause)

一起吃頓飯